Generic placeholder image

Current Pharmaceutical Design

Editor-in-Chief

ISSN (Print): 1381-6128
ISSN (Online): 1873-4286

Review Article

Opioid Free Anaesthesia and Cancer

Author(s): Alfredo Malo-Manso*, Aida Raigon-Ponferrada*, Julia Diaz-Crespo, Juan J. Escalona-Belmonte, Jose Cruz-Mañas and Jose L. Guerrero-Orriach

Volume 25, Issue 28, 2019

Page: [3011 - 3019] Pages: 9

DOI: 10.2174/1381612825666190705183754

Price: $65

conference banner
Abstract

Opioid-free anesthesia is revolutionizing anesthetic practices for its potential benefits in selected patients. Opioid-free anesthesia represents a step forward in anesthetic practice as it has been suggested to provide potential clinical benefits for selected patients. Opioid-free anesthesia spares the use of opioids and involves the administration of multiple adjuvant anesthetics, which may have an impact on cancer progression. All this have added to the growing interest in the immune response to anesthetics, making opioid-free anesthesia a promising avenue for future research.

Assessing the role of anesthetics in immunomodulation in the surgical setting is challenging, and results are often contradictory. Indeed, there is a scarcity of data of studies on humans, which hinder the interpretation of results. However, promising evidence has been published that cancer progression can be delayed by the administration of specific anesthetic agents.

Keywords: Opioid free anaesthesia, cancer, opioids, anaesthesia, metastases, recurrence, oncology, surgery.

[1]
Orozco HD, Garutti I, Moraga FJ, Sánchez-Pedrosa G. Diseminación tumoral perioperatoria. 1. Influencia de los factores perioperatorios. Rev Esp Anestesiol Reanim 2012; 59(5): 259-66.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.redar.2012.04.007] [PMID: 22658399]
[2]
Schreiber RD, Old LJ, Smyth MJ. Cancer immunoediting: integrating immunity’s roles in cancer suppression and promotion. Science 2011; 331(6024): 1565-70.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1203486] [PMID: 21436444]
[3]
Janeway CA Jr, Medzhitov R. Innate immune recognition. Annu Rev Immunol 2002; 20: 197-216.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.immunol.20.083001.084359] [PMID: 11861602]
[4]
Conrick-Martin I, Kell MR, Buggy DJ. Meta-analysis of the effect of central neuraxial regional anesthesia compared with general anesthesia on postoperative natural killer T lymphocyte function. J Clin Anesth 2012; 24(1): 3-7.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jclinane.2011.09.001] [PMID: 22284311]
[5]
Heaney A, Buggy DJ. Can anaesthetic and analgesic techniques affect cancer recurrence or metastasis? Br J Anaesth 2012; 109(S1)(Suppl. 1): i17-28.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/bja/aes421] [PMID: 23242747]
[6]
Wang YC, He F, Feng F, et al. Notch signaling determines the M1 versus M2 polarization of macrophages in antitumor immune responses. Cancer Res 2010; 70(12): 4840-9.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-10-0269] [PMID: 20501839]
[7]
Aguilar LK, Guzik BW, Aguilar-Cordova E. Cytotoxic immunotherapy strategies for cancer: mechanisms and clinical development. J Cell Biochem 2011; 112(8): 1969-77.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jcb.23126] [PMID: 21465529]
[8]
Mantovani A, Sica A, Locati M. New vistas on macrophage differentiation and activation. Eur J Immunol 2007; 37(1): 14-6.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/eji.200636910] [PMID: 17183610]
[9]
van Houdt IS, Sluijter BJ, Moesbergen LM, et al. Favorable outcome in clinically stage II melanoma patients is associated with the presence of activated tumor infiltrating T-lymphocytes and preserved MHC class I antigen expression. Int J Cancer 2008; 123(3): 609-15.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ijc.23543] [PMID: 18498132]
[10]
Deegan CA, Murray D, Doran P, et al. Anesthetic technique and the cytokine and matrix metalloproteinase response to primary breast cancer surgery. Reg Anesth Pain Med 2010; 35(6): 490-5.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/AAP.0b013e3181ef4d05] [PMID: 20975461]
[11]
Cata JP, Keerty V, Keerty D, et al. A retrospective analysis of the effect of intraoperative opioid dose on cancer recurrence after non-small cell lung cancer resection. Cancer Med 2014; 3(4): 900-8.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cam4.236] [PMID: 24692226]
[12]
Page GG, Blakely WP, Ben-Eliyahu S. Evidence that postoperative pain is a mediator of the tumor-promoting effects of surgery in rats. Pain 2001; 90(1-2): 191-9.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0304-3959(00)00403-6] [PMID: 11166986]
[13]
Tavare AN, Perry NJ, Benzonana LL, Takata M, Ma D. Cancer recurrence after surgery: direct and indirect effects of anesthetic agents. Int J Cancer 2012; 130(6): 1237-50.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ijc.26448] [PMID: 21935924]
[14]
Melamed R, Rosenne E, Shakhar K, Schwartz Y, Abudarham N, Ben-Eliyahu S. Marginating pulmonary-NK activity and resistance to experimental tumor metastasis: suppression by surgery and the prophylactic use of a beta-adrenergic antagonist and a prostaglandin synthesis inhibitor. Brain Behav Immun 2005; 19(2): 114-26.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bbi.2004.07.004] [PMID: 15664784]
[15]
Buckley A, McQuaid S, Johnson P, Buggy DJ. Effect of anaesthetic technique on the natural killer cell anti-tumour activity of serum from women undergoing breast cancer surgery: a pilot study. Br J Anaesth 2014; 113(S1)(Suppl. 1): i56-62.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/bja/aeu200] [PMID: 25009196]
[16]
Ben-Eliyahu S, Page GG, Yirmiya R, Shakhar G. Evidence that stress and surgical interventions promote tumor development by suppressing natural killer cell activity. Int J Cancer 1999; 80(6): 880-8.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1097-0215(19990315)80:6<880:AID-IJC14>3.0.CO;2-Y] [PMID: 10074922]
[17]
Page GG, Blakely WP, Ben-Eliyahu S. Evidence that postoperative pain is a mediator of the tumor-promoting effects of surgery in rats. Pain 2001; 90(1-2): 191-9.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0304-3959(00)00403-6] [PMID: 11166986]
[18]
Page GG, Ben-Eliyahu S, Yirmiya R, Liebeskind JC. Morphine attenuates surgery-induced enhancement of metastatic colonization in rats. Pain 1993; 54(1): 21-8.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0304-3959(93)90095-7] [PMID: 8378099]
[19]
Page GG, McDonald JS, Ben-Eliyahu S. Pre-operative versus postoperative administration of morphine: impact on the neuroendocrine, behavioural, and metastatic-enhancing effects of surgery. Br J Anaesth 1998; 81(2): 216-23.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/bja/81.2.216] [PMID: 9813526]
[20]
Maneckjee R, Minna JD. Opioids induce while nicotine suppresses apoptosis in human lung cancer cells. Cell Growth Differ 1994; 5(10): 1033-40.
[PMID: 7848904]
[21]
Hatsukari I, Hitosugi N, Matsumoto I, Nagasaka H, Sakagami H. Induction of early apoptosis marker by morphine in human lung and breast carcinoma cell lines. Anticancer Res 2003; 23(3B): 2413-7.
[PMID: 12894522]
[22]
Hsiao PN, Chang MC, Cheng WF, et al. Morphine induces apoptosis of human endothelial cells through nitric oxide and reactive oxygen species pathways. Toxicology 2009; 256(1-2): 83-91.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tox.2008.11.015] [PMID: 19070643]
[23]
Gupta K, Kshirsagar S, Chang L, et al. Morphine stimulates angiogenesis by activating proangiogenic and survival-promoting signaling and promotes breast tumor growth. Cancer Res 2002; 62(15): 4491-8.
[PMID: 12154060]
[24]
Lennon FE, Moss J, Singleton PA. The μ-opioid receptor in cancer progression: is there a direct effect? Anesthesiology 2012; 116(4): 940-5.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/ALN.0b013e31824b9512] [PMID: 22357347]
[25]
Christopherson R, James KE, Tableman M, Marshall P, Johnson FE. Long-term survival after colon cancer surgery: a variation associated with choice of anesthesia. Anesth Analg 2008; 107(1): 325-32.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1213/ane.0b013e3181770f55] [PMID: 18635504]
[26]
Zimmitti G, Soliz J, Aloia TA, et al. Positive impact of epidural analgesia on oncologic outcomes in patients undergoing resection of colorectal liver metastases. Ann Surg Oncol 2016; 23(3): 1003-11.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1245/s10434-015-4933-1] [PMID: 26511261]
[27]
Biki B, Mascha E, Moriarty DC, Fitzpatrick JM, Sessler DI, Buggy DJ. Anesthetic technique for radical prostatectomy surgery affects cancer recurrence: a retrospective analysis. Anesthesiology 2008; 109(2): 180-7.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/ALN.0b013e31817f5b73] [PMID: 18648226]
[28]
Wuethrich PY, Hsu Schmitz SF, Kessler TM, et al. Potential influence of the anesthetic technique used during open radical prostatectomy on prostate cancer-related outcome: a retrospective study. Anesthesiology 2010; 113(3): 570-6.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/ALN.0b013e3181e4f6ec] [PMID: 20683253]
[29]
Cao LH, Li HT, Lin WQ, et al. Morphine, a potential antagonist of cisplatin cytotoxicity, inhibits cisplatin-induced apoptosis and suppression of tumor growth in nasopharyngeal carcinoma xenografts. Sci Rep 2016; 6: 18706.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/srep18706] [PMID: 26729257]
[30]
Janku F, Johnson LK, Karp DD, Atkins JT, Singleton PA, Moss J. Treatment with methylnaltrexone is associated with increased survival in patients with advanced cancer. Ann Oncol 2016; 27(11): 2032-8.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/annonc/mdw317] [PMID: 27573565]
[31]
Hofer RE, Sprung J, Sarr MG, Wedel DJ. Anesthesia for a patient with morbid obesity using dexmedetomidine without narcotics. Can J Anaesth 2005; 52(2): 176-80.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF03027725] [PMID: 15684259]
[32]
Ziemann-Gimmel P, Goldfarb AA, Koppman J, Marema RT. Opioid-free total intravenous anaesthesia reduces postoperative nausea and vomiting in bariatric surgery beyond triple prophylaxis. Br J Anaesth 2014; 112(5): 906-11.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/bja/aet551] [PMID: 24554545]
[33]
Bakana M, Umutoglua T, Topuza U, et al. Opioid-free total intravenous anesthesia with propofol, dexmedetomidine andlidocaine infusions for laparoscopic cholecystectomy: a prospective, randomized,double-blinded study. Braz J Anesthesiol 2015; 65(3): 191-9.
[34]
Jessen Lundorf L, Korvenius Nedergaard H, Møller AM. Perioperative dexmedetomidine for acute pain after abdominal surgery in adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2016; 2CD010358
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD010358.pub2] [PMID: 26889627]
[35]
Zhou C, Zhu Y, Liu Z, Ruan L. Effect of dexmedetomidine on postoperative cognitive dysfunction in elderly patients after general anaesthesia: A meta-analysis. J Int Med Res 2016; 44(6): 1182-90.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0300060516671623] [PMID: 27913743]
[36]
Singh PM, Panwar R, Borle A, Mulier JP, Sinha A, Goudra B. Perioperative analgesic profile of dexmedetomidine infusions in morbidly obese undergoing bariatric surgery: a meta-analysis and trial sequential analysis. Surg Obes Relat Dis 2017; 13(8): 1434-46.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.soard.2017.02.025] [PMID: 28396128]
[37]
Tsaousi GG, Pourzitaki C, Aloisio S, Bilotta F. Dexmedetomidine as a sedative and analgesic adjuvant in spine surgery: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 2018; 74(11): 1377-89.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00228-018-2520-7] [PMID: 30008121]
[38]
Wang H, Hu B, Zou Y, et al. Dexmedetomidine premedication attenuates concanavalin A-induced hepatitis in mice. J Toxicol Sci 2014; 39(5): 755-64.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2131/jts.39.755] [PMID: 25242406]
[39]
Ueki M, Kawasaki T, Habe K, Hamada K, Kawasaki C, Sata T. The effects of dexmedetomidine on inflammatory mediators after cardiopulmonary bypass. Anaesthesia 2014; 69(7): 693-700.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/anae.12636]
[40]
Yang XH, Bai Q, Lv MM, Fu HG, Dong TL, Zhou Z. Effect of dexmedetomidine on immune function of patients undergoing radical mastectomy: a double blind and placebo control study. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci 2017; 21(5): 1112-6.
[PMID: 28338179]
[41]
Lee JM, Han HJ, Choi WK, Yoo S, Baek S, Lee J. Immunomodulatory effects of intraoperative dexmedetomidine on T helper 1, T helper 2, T helper 17 and regulatory T cells cytokine levels and their balance: a prospective, randomised, double-blind, dose-response clinical study. BMC Anesthesiol 2018; 18(1): 164.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12871-018-0625-2] [PMID: 30409131]
[42]
Wang Y, Xu X, Liu H, Ji F. Effects of dexmedetomidine on patients undergoing radical gastrectomy. J Surg Res 2015; 194: 147-53.
[43]
Lavon H, Matzner P, Benbenishty A, et al. Dexmedetomidine promotes metastasis in rodent models of breast, lung, and colon cancers. Br J Anaesth 2018; 120(1): 188-96.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bja.2017.11.004] [PMID: 29397129]
[44]
Su X, Fan Y, Yang L, et al. Dexmedetomidine expands monocytic myeloid-derived suppressor cells and promotes tumour metastasis after lung cancer surgery. J Transl Med 2018; 16(1): 347.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12967-018-1727-9] [PMID: 30537999]
[45]
Loveridge R, Santosh P. Systemic non-opioid adjuvant analgesics: Their role in acute postoperative pain in adults. Trends Anaesthesia Crit Care 2014; 4(1): 10-8.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tacc.2013.10.002]
[46]
Kumar K, Kirksey MA, Duong S, Wu CL. A review of opioid-sparing modalities in perioperative pain management: methods to decrease opioid use postoperatively. Anesth Analg 2017; 125(5): 1749-60.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1213/ANE.0000000000002497] [PMID: 29049119]
[47]
Hollmann MW, Durieux ME. Local anesthetics and the inflammatory response: a new therapeutic indication? Anesthesiology 2000; 93(3): 858-75.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00000542-200009000-00038] [PMID: 10969322]
[48]
Marret E, Rolin M, Beaussier M, Bonnet F. Meta-analysis of intravenous lidocaine and postoperative recovery after abdominal surgery. Br J Surg 2008; 95(11): 1331-8.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bjs.6375] [PMID: 18844267]
[49]
Vigneault L, Turgeon AF. Perioperative intravenous lidocaine infusion for postoperative pain control: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. J Can Anesth 2011; 58: 22-37.
[50]
Kranke P, Jokinen J, Pace NL, et al. Continuous intravenous perioperative lidocaine infusión for postoperative pain and recovery. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2015; 7CD009642
[51]
Weibel S, Jelting Y, Pace NL, et al. Continuous intravenous perioperative lidocaine infusión for postoperative pain and recovery. (Review) Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2018; 6CD009642
[52]
Lynch C III. Local Anesthetics as…Cancer Therapy? Anesth Analg 2018; 127(3): 601-2.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1213/ANE.0000000000003659] [PMID: 30113976]
[53]
Xing W, Chen DT, Pan JH, et al. lidocaine induces apoptosis and suppresses tumor growth in human hepatocellular carcinoma cells in vitro and in a xenograft model in vivo. Anesthesiology 2017; 126(5): 868-81.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/ALN.0000000000001528] [PMID: 28121635]
[54]
Chamaraux-Tran TN, Mathelin C, Aprahamian M, et al. Antitumor effects of lidocaine on human breast cancer cells: An in vitro and in vivo experimental trial. Anticancer Res 2018; 38(1): 95-105.
[PMID: 29277761]
[55]
Chang YC, Liu CL, Chen MJ, et al. Local anesthetics induce apoptosis in human breast tumor cells. Anesth Analg 2014; 118(1): 116-24.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1213/ANE.0b013e3182a94479] [PMID: 24247230]
[56]
Li R, Xiao C, Liu H, Huang Y, Dilger JP, Lin J. Effects of local anesthetics on breast cancer cell viability and migration. BMC Cancer 2018; 18(1): 666.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12885-018-4576-2]
[57]
Jurj A, Tomuleasa C, Tat TT, Berindan-Neagoe I, Vesa SV, Ionescu DC. Antiproliferative and apoptotic effects of lidocaine on human hepatocarcinoma cells. A preliminary study. J Gastrointestin Liver Dis 2017; 26(1): 45-50.
[PMID: 28338113]
[58]
Le Gac G, Angenard G, Clément B, Laviolle B, Coulouarn C, Beloeil H. Local anesthetics inhibit the growth of human hepatocellular carcinoma cells. Anesth Analg 2017; 125(5): 1600-9.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1213/ANE.0000000000002429] [PMID: 28857796]
[59]
Leng T, Lin S, Xiong Z, Lin J. Lidocaine suppresses glioma cell proliferation by inhibiting TRPM7 channels. Int J Physiol Pathophysiol Pharmacol 2017; 9(2): 8-15.
[PMID: 28533887]
[60]
Izdebska M, Hałas-Wiśniewska M, Zielińska W, Klimaszewska-Wiśniewska A, Grzanka D, Gagat M. Lidocaine induces protective autophagy in rat C6 glioma cell line. Int J Oncol 2019; 54(3): 1099-111.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3892/ijo.2018.4668] [PMID: 30569147]
[61]
Sleigh J, Harvey M, Voss L, Denny B. Ketamine-More mechanisms of action than just NMDA blockade. Trends Anaesthesia Crit Care 2014; 4: 76-81.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tacc.2014.03.002]
[62]
Elia N, Tramèr MR. Ketamine and postoperative pain-a quantitative systematic review of randomised trials. Pain 2005; 113(1-2): 61-70.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pain.2004.09.036] [PMID: 15621365]
[63]
Laskowski K, Stirling A, McKay WP, Lim HJ. A systematic review of intravenous ketamine for postoperative analgesia. Can J Anaesth 2011; 58(10): 911-23.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12630-011-9560-0] [PMID: 21773855]
[64]
Bell RF, Dahl JB, Moore RA, Kalso EA. Perioperative ketamine for acute postoperative pain. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2006; 1CD004603
[65]
Rofael HZ, Turkall RM, Abdel-Rahman MS. Effect of ketamine on cocaine-induced immunotoxicity in rats. Int J Toxicol 2003; 22(5): 343-58.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/109158180302200503] [PMID: 14555406]
[66]
Yang J, Li W, Duan M, et al. Large dose ketamine inhibits lipopolysaccharide-induced acute lung injury in rats. Inflamm Res 2005; 54(3): 133-7.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00011-004-1334-5] [PMID: 15883747]
[67]
Melamed R, Bar-Yosef S, Shakhar G, Shakhar K, Ben-Eliyahu S. Suppression of natural killer cell activity and promotion of tumor metastasis by ketamine, thiopental, and halothane, but not by propofol: mediating mechanisms and prophylactic measures. Anesth Analg 2003; 97(5): 1331-9.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1213/01.ANE.0000082995.44040.07] [PMID: 14570648]
[68]
Forget P, Collet V, Lavand’homme P, De Kock M. Does analgesia and condition influence immunity after surgery? Effects of fentanyl, ketamine and clonidine on natural killer activity at different ages. Eur J Anaesthesiol 2010; 27(3): 233-40.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/EJA.0b013e32832d540e] [PMID: 19487949]
[69]
Beilin B, Rusabrov Y, Shapira Y, et al. Low-dose ketamine affects immune responses in humans during the early postoperative period. Br J Anaesth 2007; 99(4): 522-7.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/bja/aem218] [PMID: 17681970]
[70]
Yu SK, Tait G, Karkouti K, Wijeysundera D, McCluskey S, Beattie WS. The safety of perioperative esmolol: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Anesth Analg 2011; 112(2): 267-81.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1213/ANE.0b013e3182025af7] [PMID: 21127279]
[71]
Watts R, Thiruvenkatarajan V, Calvert M, Newcombe G, van Wijk RM. The effect of perioperative esmolol on early postoperative pain: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Anaesthesiol Clin Pharmacol 2017; 33(1): 28-39.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/0970-9185.202182] [PMID: 28413270]
[72]
Gelineau AM, King MR, Ladha KS, Burns SM, Houle T, Anderson TA. Intraoperative esmolol as an adjunct for perioperative opioid and postoperative pain reduction: A systematic review, meta-analysis, and meta-regression. Anesth Analg 2018; 126(3): 1035-49.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1213/ANE.0000000000002469] [PMID: 29028742]
[73]
Qiao G, Chen M, Bucsek MJ, Repasky EA, Hylander BL. Adrenergic signaling: a targetable checkpoint limiting development of the antitumor immune response. Front Immunol 2018; 9(9): 164.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2018.00164] [PMID: 29479349]
[74]
Childers WK, Hollenbeak CS, Cheriyath P. β-Blockers reduce breast cancer recurrence and breast cancer death: A meta-analysis. Clin Breast Cancer 2015; 15(6): 426-31.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.clbc.2015.07.001] [PMID: 26516037]
[75]
Lu H, Liu X, Guo F, et al. Impact of beta-blockers on prostate cancer mortality: a meta-analysis of 16,825 patients. OncoTargets Ther 2015; 8(8): 985-90.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2147/OTT.S78836] [PMID: 25995645]
[76]
Wang T, Li Y, Lu HL, Meng QW, Cai L, Chen XS. β-adrenergic receptors: New target in breast cancer. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2015; 16(18): 8031-9.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.clbc.2015.07.001] [PMID: 26516037]
[77]
Diaz ES, Karlan BY, Li AJ. Impact of beta blockers on epithelial ovarian cancer survival. Gynecol Oncol 2012; 127(2): 375-8.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ygyno.2012.07.102] [PMID: 22819786]
[78]
De Giorgi V, Grazzini M, Gandini S, et al. Treatment with β-blockers and reduced disease progression in patients with thick melanoma. Arch Intern Med 2011; 171(8): 779-81.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/archinternmed.2011.131] [PMID: 21518948]
[79]
Yap A, Lopez-Olivo MA, Dubowitz J, et al. Effect of beta-blockers on cancer recurrence and survival: a meta-analysis of epidemiological and perioperative studies. Br J Anaesth 2018; 121(1): 45-57.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bja.2018.03.024] [PMID: 29935594]
[80]
McKeown A, Seppi V, Hodgson R. Intravenous magnesium sulphate for analgesia after caesarean section: A systematic review. Anesthesiol Res Pract 2017; 20179186374
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/9186374] [PMID: 29333156]
[81]
Weglicki WB, Phillips TM. Pathobiology of magnesium deficiency: a cytokine/neurogenic inflammation hypothesis. Am J Physiol 1992; 263(3 Pt 2): R734-7.
[PMID: 1384353]
[82]
Bussière FI, Gueux E, Rock E, et al. Increased phagocytosis and production of reactive oxygen species by neutrophils during magnesium deficiency in rats and inhibition by high magnesium concentration. Br J Nutr 2002; 87(2): 107-13.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/BJN2001498] [PMID: 11895162]
[83]
Chen GC, Pang Z, Liu QF. Magnesium intake and risk of colorectal cancer: a meta-analysis of prospective studies. Eur J Clin Nutr 2012; 66(11): 1182-6.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/ejcn.2012.135] [PMID: 23031849]
[84]
Dai Q, Motley SS, Smith JA Jr, et al. Blood magnesium, and the interaction with calcium, on the risk of high-grade prostate cancer. PLoS One 2011; 6(4)e18237
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0018237] [PMID: 21541018]
[85]
De Oliveira GS Jr, Almeida MD, Benzon HT, McCarthy RJ. Perioperative single dose systemic dexamethasone for postoperative pain: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Anesthesiology 2011; 115(3): 575-88.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/ALN.0b013e31822a24c2] [PMID: 21799397]
[86]
Polderman JAW, Farhang-Razi V, Van Dieren S, et al. Adverse side effects of dexamethasone in surgical patients. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2018; 8CD011940
[87]
Ide H, Inoue S, Miyamoto H. The role of glucocorticoid receptor signaling in bladder cancer progression. Cancers 2018; 10(12)E484
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cancers10120484]
[88]
Yano A, Fujii Y, Iwai A, Kageyama Y, Kihara K. Glucocorticoids suppress tumor angiogenesis and in vivo growth of prostate cancer cells. Clin Cancer Res 2006; 12(10): 3003-9.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-05-2085] [PMID: 16707595]
[89]
Nishimura K, Nonomura N, Satoh E, et al. Potential mechanism for the effects of dexamethasone on growth of androgen-independent prostate cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst 2001; 93(22): 1739-46.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jnci/93.22.1739] [PMID: 11717335]
[90]
Greenberg AK, Hu J, Basu S, et al. Glucocorticoids inhibit lung cancer cell growth through both the extracellular signal-related kinase pathway and cell cycle regulators. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2002; 27(3): 320-8.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1165/rcmb.4710] [PMID: 12204894]
[91]
Arai Y, Nonomura N, Nakai Y, et al. The growth-inhibitory effects of dexamethasone on renal cell carcinoma in vivo and in vitro. Cancer Invest 2008; 26(1): 35-40.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07357900701638418] [PMID: 18181043]
[92]
Dietrich K, Schned A, Fortuny J, et al. Glucocorticoid therapy and risk of bladder cancer. Br J Cancer 2009; 101(8): 1316-20.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/sj.bjc.6605314]
[93]
Liu L, Aleksandrowicz E, Schönsiegel F, et al. Dexamethasone mediates pancreatic cancer progression by glucocorticoid receptor, TGFβ and JNK/AP-1. Cell Death Dis 2017; 8(10)E3064
[94]
Clarke H, Bonin RP, Orser BA, Englesakis M, Wijeysundera DN, Katz J. The prevention of chronic postsurgical pain using gabapentin and pregabalin: a combined systematic review and meta-analysis. Anesth Analg 2012; 115(2): 428-42.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1213/ANE.0b013e318249d36e] [PMID: 22415535]
[95]
Mathiesen O, Møiniche S, Dahl JB. Gabapentin and postoperative pain: a qualitative and quantitative systematic review, with focus on procedure. BMC Anesthesiol 2007; 7: 6.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1471-2253-7-6] [PMID: 17617920]
[96]
Tiippana EM, Hamunen K, Kontinen VK, Kalso E. Do surgical patients benefit from perioperative gabapentin/pregabalin? A systematic review of efficacy and safety. Anesth Analg 2007; 104(6): 1545-56.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1213/01.ane.0000261517.27532.80] [PMID: 17513656]
[97]
Rai AS, Khan JS, Dhaliwal J, et al. Preoperative pregabalin or gabapentin for acute and chronic postoperative pain among patients undergoing breast cancer surgery: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg 2017; 70(10): 1317-28.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bjps.2017.05.054] [PMID: 28751024]
[98]
Clarke H, Bonin RP, Orser BA, Englesakis M, Wijeysundera DN, Katz J. The prevention of chronic postsurgical pain using gabapentin and pregabalin: a combined systematic review and meta-analysis. Anesth Analg 2012; 115(2): 428-42.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1213/ANE.0b013e318249d36e] [PMID: 22415535]
[99]
Karbić VO, Škoda M, Antončić D, Krištofić I, Komar D, Trobonjača Z. Gabapentin-induced changes of plasma cortisol level and immune status in hysterectomized women. Int Immunopharmacol 2014; 23(2): 530-6.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.intimp.2014.09.029] [PMID: 25448495]
[100]
Eipe N, Penning J, Yazdi F, et al. Perioperative use of pregabalin for acute pain-a systematic review and meta-analysis. Pain 2015; 156(7): 1284-300.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/j.pain.0000000000000173] [PMID: 25830925]
[101]
Jang Y, Song HK, Yeom MY, Jeong DC. The immunomodulatory effect of pregabalin on spleen cells in neuropathic mice. Anesth Analg 2012; 115(4): 830-6.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1213/ANE.0b013e31825d2ad1] [PMID: 22729962]
[102]
Keller PJ, Lin AF, Arendt LM, et al. Mapping the cellular and molecular heterogeneity of normal and malignant breast tissues and cultured cell lines. Breast Cancer Res 2010; 12(5): R87.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/bcr2755] [PMID: 20964822]

Rights & Permissions Print Cite
© 2024 Bentham Science Publishers | Privacy Policy