[1]
Berliner, J.A.; Navab, M.; Fogelman, A.M.; Frank, J.S.; Demer, L.L.; Edwards, P.A.; Watson, A.D.; Lusis, A.J. Atherosclerosis: basic mechanisms. Oxidation, inflammation, and genetics. Circulation, 1995, 91(9), 2488-2496.
[2]
Steinberg, D. The LDL modification hypothesis of atherogenesis: An update. J. Lipid Res., 2009, 50(Suppl.), S376-S381.
[3]
Sánchez-Quesada, J.L.; Villegas, S. Modified forms of LDL in plasma; Atherogenesis, 2012, pp. 447-472.
[4]
Avogaro, P.; Bon, G.B.; Cazzolato, G. Presence of a modified low density lipoprotein in humans. Arteriosclerosis, 1988, 8(1), 79-87.
[5]
Avogaro, P.; Cazzolato, G.; Bittolo-Bon, G. Some questions concerning a small, more electronegative LDL circulating in human plasma. Atherosclerosis, 1991, 91(1-2), 163-171.
[6]
Cazzolato, G.; Avogaro, P.; Bittolo-Bon, G. Characterization of a more electronegatively charged LDL subfraction by ion exchange HPLC. Free Radic. Biol. Med., 1991, 11(3), 247-253.
[7]
Akyol, S.; Lu, J.; Akyol, O.; Akcay, F.; Armutcu, F.; Ke, L.Y.; Chen, C.H. The role of electronegative low-density lipoprotein in cardiovascular diseases and its therapeutic implications. Trends Cardiovasc. Med., 2017, 27(4), 239-246.
[8]
Mello, A.P.; da Silva, I.T.; Abdalla, D.S.; Damasceno, N.R. Electronegative low-density lipoprotein: Origin and impact on health and disease. Atherosclerosis, 2011, 215(2), 257-265.
[9]
Sánchez-Quesada, J.L.; Benítez, S.; Ordóñez-Llanos, J. Electronegative low-density lipoprotein. Curr. Opin. Lipidol., 2004, 15(3), 329-335.
[10]
Sanchez-Quesada, J.L.; Estruch, M.; Benitez, S.; Ordonez-Llanos, J.; Electronegative, L.D.L. A useful marker of cardiovascular risk? Clin. Lipidol., 2012, 7(3), 345-359.
[11]
Ke, L.Y.; Stancel, N.; Bair, H.; Chen, C.H. The underlying chemistry of electronegative LDL’s atherogenicity. Curr. Atheroscler. Rep., 2014, 16(8), 428.
[12]
Sánchez-Quesada, J.L.; Otal-Entraigas, C.; Franco, M.; Jorba, O.; González-Sastre, F.; Blanco-Vaca, F.; Ordóñez-Llanos, J. Effect of simvastatin treatment on the electronegative low-density lipoprotein present in patients with heterozygous familial hypercholesterolemia. Am. J. Cardiol., 1999, 84(6), 655-659.
[13]
Chen, H.H.; Hosken, B.D.; Huang, M.; Gaubatz, J.W.; Myers, C.L.; Macfarlane, R.D.; Pownall, H.J.; Yang, C.Y. Electronegative LDLs from familial hypercholesterolemic patients are physicochemically heterogeneous but uniformly proapoptotic. J. Lipid Res., 2007, 48(1), 177-184.
[14]
Zhang, B.; Matsunaga, A.; Rainwater, D.L.; Miura, S.; Noda, K.; Nishikawa, H.; Uehara, Y.; Shirai, K.; Ogawa, M.; Saku, K. Effects of rosuvastatin on electronegative LDL as characterized by capillary isotachophoresis: The ROSARY Study. J. Lipid Res., 2009, 50(9), 1832-1841.
[15]
Chu, C.S.; Ke, L.Y.; Chan, H.C.; Chan, H.C.; Chen, C.C.; Cheng, K.H.; Lee, H.C.; Kuo, H.F.; Chang, C.T.; Chang, K.C.; Sheu, S.H.; Chen, C.H.; Lai, W.T. Four Statin Benefit Groups Defined by The 2013 ACC/AHA New Cholesterol Guideline are Characterized by Increased Plasma Level of Electronegative Low-Density Lipoprotein. Acta Cardiol Sin, 2016, 32(6), 667-675.
[16]
Sánchez-Quesada, J.L.; Benítez, S.; Otal, C.; Franco, M.; Blanco-Vaca, F.; Ordóñez-Llanos, J. Density distribution of electronegative LDL in normolipemic and hyperlipemic subjects. J. Lipid Res., 2002, 43(5), 699-705.
[17]
Sánchez-Quesada, J.L.; Pérez, A.; Caixàs, A.; Rigla, M.; Payés, A.; Benítez, S.; Ordóñez-Llanos, J. Effect of glycemic optimization on electronegative low-density lipoprotein in diabetes: Relation to nonenzymatic glycosylation and oxidative modification. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., 2001, 86(7), 3243-3249.
[18]
Moro, E.; Zambon, C.; Pianetti, S.; Cazzolato, G.; Pais, M.; Bittolo Bon, G. Electronegative low density lipoprotein subform (LDL-) is increased in type 2 (non-insulin-dependent) microalbuminuric diabetic patients and is closely associated with LDL susceptibility to oxidation. Acta Diabetol., 1998, 35(3), 161-164.
[19]
Yang, C.Y.; Chen, H.H.; Huang, M.T.; Raya, J.L.; Yang, J.H.; Chen, C.H.; Gaubatz, J.W.; Pownall, H.J.; Taylor, A.A.; Ballantyne, C.M.; Jenniskens, F.A.; Smith, C.V. Pro-apoptotic low-density lipoprotein subfractions in type II diabetes. Atherosclerosis, 2007, 193(2), 283-291.
[20]
Sánchez-Quesada, J.L.; Pérez, A.; Caixàs, A.; Ordónmez-Llanos, J.; Carreras, G.; Payés, A.; González-Sastre, F.; de Leiva, A. Electronegative low density lipoprotein subform is increased in patients with short-duration IDDM and is closely related to glycaemic control. Diabetologia, 1996, 39(12), 1469-1476.
[21]
Sánchez-Quesada, J.L.; Vinagre, I.; de Juan-Franco, E.; Sánchez-Hernández, J.; Blanco-Vaca, F.; Ordóñez-Llanos, J.; Pérez, A. Effect of improving glycemic control in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus on low-density lipoprotein size, electronegative low-density lipoprotein and lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2 distribution. Am. J. Cardiol., 2012, 110(1), 67-71.
[22]
Yano, M.; Inoue, M.; Maehata, E.; Shiba, T.; Yamakado, M.; Hirabayashi, Y.; Taniyama, M.; Suzuki, S. Increased electronegative charge of serum low-density lipoprotein in patients with diabetes mellitus. Clin. Chim. Acta, 2004, 340(1-2), 93-98.
[23]
Zhang, B.; Kaneshi, T.; Ohta, T.; Saku, K. Relation between insulin resistance and fast-migrating LDL subfraction as characterized by capillary isotachophoresis. J. Lipid Res., 2005, 46(10), 2265-2277.
[24]
Apolinario, E.; Ferderbar, S.; Pereira, E.C.; Bertolami, M.C.; Faludi, A.; Monte, O.; Gagliardi, A.R.; Xavier, H.T.; Abdalla, D.S. Minimally modified (electronegative) LDL- and anti-LDL- autoantibodies in diabetes mellitus and impaired glucose tolerance. Int J Atheroscler, 2006, 1(1), 42-47.
[25]
Hsu, J.F.; Chou, T.C.; Lu, J.; Chen, S.H.; Chen, F.Y.; Chen, C.C.; Chen, J.L.; Elayda, M.; Ballantyne, C.M.; Shayani, S.; Chen, C.H. Low-density lipoprotein electronegativity is a novel cardiometabolic risk factor. PLoS One, 2014, 9(9), e107340.
[26]
Lee, A.S.; Chen, W.Y.; Chan, H.C.; Hsu, J.F.; Shen, M.Y.; Chang, C.M.; Bair, H.; Su, M.J.; Chang, K.C.; Chen, C.H. Gender disparity in LDL-induced cardiovascular damage and the protective role of estrogens against electronegative LDL. Cardiovasc. Diabetol., 2014, 13, 64.
[27]
Park, H.; Ishigami, A.; Shima, T.; Mizuno, M.; Maruyama, N.; Yamaguchi, K.; Mitsuyoshi, H.; Minami, M.; Yasui, K.; Itoh, Y.; Yoshikawa, T.; Fukui, M.; Hasegawa, G.; Nakamura, N.; Ohta, M.; Obayashi, H.; Okanoue, T. Hepatic senescence marker protein-30 is involved in the progression of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. J. Gastroenterol., 2010, 45(4), 426-434.
[28]
Park, H.; Shima, T.; Yamaguchi, K.; Mitsuyoshi, H.; Minami, M.; Yasui, K.; Itoh, Y.; Yoshikawa, T.; Fukui, M.; Hasegawa, G.; Nakamura, N.; Ohta, M.; Obayashi, H.; Okanoue, T. Efficacy of long-term ezetimibe therapy in patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. J. Gastroenterol., 2011, 46(1), 101-107.
[29]
Ziouzenkova, O.; Sevanian, A. Oxidative modification of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) in HD patients: Role in electronegative LDL formation. Blood Purif., 2000, 18(3), 169-176.
[30]
Lobo, J.C.; Mafra, D.; Farage, N.E. Faulin, Tdo.E.; Abdalla, D.S.; de Nóbrega, A.C.; Torres, J.P. Increased electronegative LDL and decreased antibodies against electronegative LDL levels correlate with inflammatory markers and adhesion molecules in hemodialysed patients. Clin. Chim. Acta, 2011, 412(19-20), 1788-1792.
[31]
Chang, C.T.; Wang, G.J.; Kuo, C.C.; Hsieh, J.Y.; Lee, A.S.; Chang, C.M.; Wang, C.C.; Shen, M.Y.; Huang, C.C.; Sawamura, T.; Yang, C.Y.; Stancel, N.; Chen, C.H. Electronegative low-density lipoprotein increases coronary artery disease risk in uremia patients on maintenance hemodialysis. Medicine (Baltimore), 2016, 95(2), e2265.
[32]
Tang, D.; Lu, J.; Walterscheid, J.P.; Chen, H.H.; Engler, D.A.; Sawamura, T.; Chang, P.Y.; Safi, H.J.; Yang, C.Y.; Chen, C.H. Electronegative LDL circulating in smokers impairs endothelial progenitor cell differentiation by inhibiting Akt phosphorylation via LOX-1. J. Lipid Res., 2008, 49(1), 33-47.
[33]
Ursini, F.; Zamburlini, A.; Cazzolato, G.; Maiorino, M.; Bon, G.B.; Sevanian, A. Postprandial plasma lipid hydroperoxides: a possible link between diet and atherosclerosis. Free Radic. Biol. Med., 1998, 25(2), 250-252.
[34]
Benítez, S.; Sánchez-Quesada, J.L.; Lucero, L.; Arcelus, R.; Ribas, V.; Jorba, O.; Castellví, A.; Alonso, E.; Blanco-Vaca, F.; Ordóñez-Llanos, J. Changes in low-density lipoprotein electronegativity and oxidizability after aerobic exercise are related to the increase in associated non-esterified fatty acids. Atherosclerosis, 2002, 160(1), 223-232.
[35]
Niccoli, G.; Bacà, M.; De Spirito, M.; Parasassi, T.; Cosentino, N.; Greco, G.; Conte, M.; Montone, R.A.; Arcovito, G.; Crea, F. Impact of electronegative low-density lipoprotein on angiographic coronary atherosclerotic burden. Atherosclerosis, 2012, 223(1), 166-170.
[36]
Oliveira, J.A.; Sevanian, A.; Rodrigues, R.J.; Apolinário, E.; Abdalla, D.S. Minimally modified electronegative LDL and its autoantibodies in acute and chronic coronary syndromes. Clin. Biochem., 2006, 39(7), 708-714.
[37]
Tomasik, A.; Jacheć, W.; Skrzep-Poloczek, B.; Widera-Romuk, E.; Wodniecki, J.; Wojciechowska, C. Circulating electronegatively charged low-density lipoprotein in patients with angiographically documented coronary artery disease. Scand. J. Clin. Lab. Invest., 2003, 63(4), 259-265.
[38]
Chan, H.C.; Ke, L.Y.; Chu, C.S.; Lee, A.S.; Shen, M.Y.; Cruz, M.A.; Hsu, J.F.; Cheng, K.H.; Chan, H.C.; Lu, J.; Lai, W.T.; Sawamura, T.; Sheu, S.H.; Yen, J.H.; Chen, C.H. Highly electronegative LDL from patients with ST-elevation myocardial infarction triggers platelet activation and aggregation. Blood, 2013, 122(22), 3632-3641.
[39]
Chang, P.Y.; Chen, Y.J.; Chang, F.H.; Lu, J.; Huang, W.H.; Yang, T.C.; Lee, Y.T.; Chang, S.F.; Lu, S.C.; Chen, C.H. Aspirin protects human coronary artery endothelial cells against atherogenic electronegative LDL via an epigenetic mechanism: A novel cytoprotective role of aspirin in acute myocardial infarction. Cardiovasc. Res., 2013, 99(1), 137-145.
[40]
Shen, M.Y.; Chen, F.Y.; Hsu, J.F.; Fu, R.H.; Chang, C.M.; Chang, C.T.; Liu, C.H.; Wu, J.R.; Lee, A.S.; Chan, H.C.; Sheu, J.R.; Lin, S.Z.; Shyu, W.C.; Sawamura, T.; Chang, K.C.; Hsu, C.Y.; Chen, C.H. Plasma L5 levels are elevated in ischemic stroke patients and enhance platelet aggregation. Blood, 2016, 127(10), 1336-1345.
[41]
Ishigaki, Y.; Oka, Y.; Katagiri, H. Circulating oxidized LDL: A biomarker and a pathogenic factor. Curr. Opin. Lipidol., 2009, 20(5), 363-369.
[42]
Brownlee, M. Negative consequences of glycation. Metabolism, 2000, 49(2)(Suppl. 1), 9-13.
[43]
Oztürk, Z.; Sönmez, H.; Görgün, F.M.; Ekmekçi, H.; Bilgen, D.; Ozen, N.; Sözer, V.; Altuğ, T.; Kökoğlu, E. The relationship between lipid peroxidation and LDL desialylation in experimental atherosclerosis. Toxicol. Mech. Methods, 2007, 17(5), 265-273.
[44]
Ivanova, E.A.; Bobryshev, Y.V.; Orekhov, A.N. LDL electronegativity index: A potential novel index for predicting cardiovascular disease. Vasc. Health Risk Manag., 2015, 11, 525-532.
[45]
Zakiev, E.R.; Sukhorukov, V.N.; Melnichenko, A.A.; Sobenin, I.A.; Ivanova, E.A.; Orekhov, A.N. Lipid composition of circulating multiple-modified low density lipoprotein. Lipids Health Dis., 2016, 15(1), 134.
[46]
Tertov, V.V.; Bittolo-Bon, G.; Sobenin, I.A.; Cazzolato, G.; Orekhov, A.N.; Avogaro, P. Naturally occurring modified low density lipoproteins are similar if not identical: More electronegative and desialylated lipoprotein subfractions. Exp. Mol. Pathol., 1995, 62(3), 166-172.
[47]
Basnakian, A.G.; Shah, S.V.; Ok, E.; Altunel, E.; Apostolov, E.O.; Carbamylated, L.D.L. Carbamylated LDL. Adv. Clin. Chem., 2010, 51, 25-52.
[48]
Verbrugge, F.H.; Tang, W.H.; Hazen, S.L. Protein carbamylation and cardiovascular disease. Kidney Int., 2015, 88(3), 474-478.
[49]
Gaubatz, J.W.; Gillard, B.K.; Massey, J.B.; Hoogeveen, R.C.; Huang, M.; Lloyd, E.E.; Raya, J.L.; Yang, C.Y.; Pownall, H.J. Dynamics of dense electronegative low density lipoproteins and their preferential association with lipoprotein phospholipase A(2). J. Lipid Res., 2007, 48(2), 348-357.
[50]
Sevanian, A.; Hwang, J.; Hodis, H.; Cazzolato, G.; Avogaro, P.; Bittolo-Bon, G. Contribution of an in vivo oxidized LDL to LDL oxidation and its association with dense LDL subpopulations. Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol., 1996, 16(6), 784-793.
[51]
Lund-Katz, S.; Laplaud, P.M.; Phillips, M.C.; Chapman, M.J. Apolipoprotein B-100 conformation and particle surface charge in human LDL subspecies: implication for LDL receptor interaction. Biochemistry, 1998, 37(37), 12867-12874.
[52]
Reaven, P.D.; Herold, D.A.; Barnett, J.; Edelman, S. Effects of Vitamin E on susceptibility of low-density lipoprotein and low-density lipoprotein subfractions to oxidation and on protein glycation in NIDDM. Diabetes Care, 1995, 18(6), 807-816.
[53]
Tribble, D.L. Lipoprotein oxidation in dyslipidemia: Insights into general mechanisms affecting lipoprotein oxidative behavior. Curr. Opin. Lipidol., 1995, 6(4), 196-208.
[54]
Younis, N.; Charlton-Menys, V.; Sharma, R.; Soran, H.; Durrington, P.N. Glycation of LDL in non-diabetic people: Small dense LDL is preferentially glycated both in vivo and in vitro. Atherosclerosis, 2009, 202(1), 162-168.
[55]
Younis, N.; Sharma, R.; Soran, H.; Charlton-Menys, V.; Elseweidy, M.; Durrington, P.N. Glycation as an atherogenic modification of LDL. Curr. Opin. Lipidol., 2008, 19(4), 378-384.
[56]
Krauss, R.M. Heterogeneity of plasma low-density lipoproteins and atherosclerosis risk. Curr. Opin. Lipidol., 1994, 5(5), 339-349.
[57]
Diffenderfer, M.R.; Schaefer, E.J. The composition and metabolism of large and small LDL. Curr. Opin. Lipidol., 2014, 25(3), 221-226.
[58]
Benítez, S.; Camacho, M.; Arcelus, R.; Vila, L.; Bancells, C.; Ordóñez-Llanos, J.; Sánchez-Quesada, J.L. Increased lysophosphatidylcholine and non-esterified fatty acid content in LDL induces chemokine release in endothelial cells. Relationship with electronegative LDL. Atherosclerosis, 2004, 177(2), 299-305.
[59]
Benítez, S.; Villegas, V.; Bancells, C.; Jorba, O.; González-Sastre, F.; Ordóñez-Llanos, J.; Sánchez-Quesada, J.L. Impaired binding affinity of electronegative low-density lipoprotein (LDL) to the LDL receptor is related to nonesterified fatty acids and lysophosphatidylcholine content. Biochemistry, 2004, 43(50), 15863-15872.
[60]
Jayaraman, S.; Gantz, D.L.; Gursky, O. Effects of phospholipase A(2) and its products on structural stability of human LDL: Relevance to formation of LDL-derived lipid droplets. J. Lipid Res., 2011, 52(3), 549-557.
[61]
Yang, T.C.; Chang, P.Y.; Lu, S.C. L5-LDL from ST-elevation myocardial infarction patients induces IL-1β production via LOX-1 and NLRP3 inflammasome activation in macrophages. Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol., 2017, 312(2), H265-H274.
[62]
Yang, C.Y.; Raya, J.L.; Chen, H.H.; Chen, C.H.; Abe, Y.; Pownall, H.J.; Taylor, A.A.; Smith, C.V. Isolation, characterization, and functional assessment of oxidatively modified subfractions of circulating low-density lipoproteins. Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol., 2003, 23(6), 1083-1090.
[63]
Chen, C.H.; Jiang, T.; Yang, J.H.; Jiang, W.; Lu, J.; Marathe, G.K.; Pownall, H.J.; Ballantyne, C.M.; McIntyre, T.M.; Henry, P.D.; Yang, C.Y. Low-density lipoprotein in hypercholesterolemic human plasma induces vascular endothelial cell apoptosis by inhibiting fibroblast growth factor 2 transcription. Circulation, 2003, 107(16), 2102-2108.
[64]
Benítez, S.; Camacho, M.; Bancells, C.; Vila, L.; Sánchez-Quesada, J.L.; Ordóñez-Llanos, J. Wide proinflammatory effect of electronegative low-density lipoprotein on human endothelial cells assayed by a protein array. Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 2006, 1761(9), 1014-1021.
[65]
de Castellarnau, C.; Bancells, C.; Benítez, S.; Reina, M.; Ordóñez-Llanos, J.; Sánchez-Quesada, J.L. Atherogenic and inflammatory profile of human arterial endothelial cells (HUAEC) in response to LDL subfractions. Clin. Chim. Acta, 2007, 376(1-2), 233-236.
[66]
De Castellarnau, C.; Sánchez-Quesada, J.L.; Benítez, S.; Rosa, R.; Caveda, L.; Vila, L.; Ordóñez-Llanos, J. Electronegative LDL from normolipemic subjects induces IL-8 and monocyte chemotactic protein secretion by human endothelial cells. Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol., 2000, 20(10), 2281-2287.
[67]
Lee, A.S.; Wang, G.J.; Chan, H.C.; Chen, F.Y.; Chang, C.M.; Yang, C.Y.; Lee, Y.T.; Chang, K.C.; Chen, C.H. Electronegative low-density lipoprotein induces cardiomyocyte apoptosis indirectly through endothelial cell-released chemokines. Apoptosis, 2012, 17(9), 1009-1018.
[68]
Ziouzenkova, O.; Asatryan, L.; Sahady, D.; Orasanu, G.; Perrey, S.; Cutak, B.; Hassell, T.; Akiyama, T.E.; Berger, J.P.; Sevanian, A.; Plutzky, J. Dual roles for lipolysis and oxidation in peroxisome proliferation-activator receptor responses to electronegative low density lipoprotein. J. Biol. Chem., 2003, 278(41), 39874-39881.
[69]
Estruch, M.; Bancells, C.; Beloki, L.; Sanchez-Quesada, J.L.; Ordóñez-Llanos, J.; Benitez, S. CD14 and TLR4 mediate cytokine release promoted by electronegative LDL in monocytes. Atherosclerosis, 2013, 229(2), 356-362.
[70]
Estruch, M.; Rajamäki, K.; Sanchez-Quesada, J.L.; Kovanen, P.T.; Öörni, K.; Benitez, S.; Ordoñez-Llanos, J. Electronegative LDL induces priming and inflammasome activation leading to IL-1β release in human monocytes and macrophages. Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 2015, 1851(11), 1442-1449.
[71]
Estruch, M.; Sanchez-Quesada, J.L.; Ordoñez-Llanos, J.; Benitez, S. Inflammatory intracellular pathways activated by electronegative LDL in monocytes. Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 2016, 1861(9 Pt A), 963-969.
[72]
Abe, Y.; Fornage, M.; Yang, C.Y.; Bui-Thanh, N.A.; Wise, V.; Chen, H.H.; Rangaraj, G.; Ballantyne, C.M. L5, the most electronegative subfraction of plasma LDL, induces endothelial vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 and CXC chemokines, which mediate mononuclear leukocyte adhesion. Atherosclerosis, 2007, 192(1), 56-66.
[73]
Estruch, M.; Sánchez-Quesada, J.L.; Ordóñez Llanos, J.; Benítez, S.; Electronegative, L.D.L. Electronegative LDL: A circulating modified LDL with a role in inflammation. Mediators Inflamm., 2013, 2013, 181324.
[74]
Yu, L.E.; Lai, C.L.; Lee, C.T.; Wang, J.Y. Highly electronegative low-density lipoprotein L5 evokes microglial activation and creates a neuroinflammatory stress via Toll-like receptor 4 signaling. J. Neurochem., 2017, 142(2), 231-245.
[75]
Chu, C.S.; Wang, Y.C.; Lu, L.S.; Walton, B.; Yilmaz, H.R.; Huang, R.Y.; Sawamura, T.; Dixon, R.A.; Lai, W.T.; Chen, C.H.; Lu, J. Electronegative low-density lipoprotein increases C-reactive protein expression in vascular endothelial cells through the LOX-1 receptor. PLoS One, 2013, 8(8), e70533.
[76]
Lu, J.; Jiang, W.; Yang, J.H.; Chang, P.Y.; Walterscheid, J.P.; Chen, H.H.; Marcelli, M.; Tang, D.; Lee, Y.T.; Liao, W.S.; Yang, C.Y.; Chen, C.H. Electronegative LDL impairs vascular endothelial cell integrity in diabetes by disrupting fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF2) autoregulation. Diabetes, 2008, 57(1), 158-166.
[77]
Lu, J.; Yang, J.H.; Burns, A.R.; Chen, H.H.; Tang, D.; Walterscheid, J.P.; Suzuki, S.; Yang, C.Y.; Sawamura, T.; Chen, C.H. Mediation of electronegative low-density lipoprotein signaling by LOX-1: A possible mechanism of endothelial apoptosis. Circ. Res., 2009, 104(5), 619-627.
[78]
Chen, C.H.; Ke, L.Y.; Chan, H.C.; Lee, A.S.; Lin, K.D.; Chu, C.S.; Lee, M.Y.; Hsiao, P.J.; Hsu, C.; Chen, C.H.; Shin, S.J. Electronegative low density lipoprotein induces renal apoptosis and fibrosis: STRA6 signaling involved. J. Lipid Res., 2016, 57(8), 1435-1446.
[79]
Revuelta-López, E.; Cal, R.; Julve, J.; Rull, A.; Martínez-Bujidos, M.; Perez-Cuellar, M.; Ordoñez-Llanos, J.; Badimon, L.; Sanchez-Quesada, J.L.; Llorente-Cortés, V. Hypoxia worsens the impact of intracellular triglyceride accumulation promoted by electronegative low-density lipoprotein in cardiomyocytes by impairing perilipin 5 upregulation. Int. J. Biochem. Cell Biol., 2015, 65, 257-267.
[80]
Pedrosa, A.M.; Faine, L.A.; Grosso, D.M.; de Las Heras, B.; Boscá, L.; Abdalla, D.S. Electronegative LDL induction of apoptosis in macrophages: Involvement of Nrf2. Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 2010, 1801(4), 430-437.
[81]
Ursini, F.; Davies, K.J.; Maiorino, M.; Parasassi, T.; Sevanian, A. Atherosclerosis: Another protein misfolding disease? Trends Mol. Med., 2002, 8(8), 370-374.
[82]
Sanchez-Quesada, J.L.; Villegas, S.; Ordonez-Llanos, J.; Electronegative, L.D.L. a link between apoB misfolding, lipoprotein aggregation and proteoglycan binding. Curr. Opin. Lipidol., 2012, 23(5), 479-486.
[83]
Parasassi, T.; Bittolo-Bon, G.; Brunelli, R.; Cazzolato, G.; Krasnowska, E.K.; Mei, G.; Sevanian, A.; Ursini, F. Loss of apoB-100 secondary structure and conformation in hydroperoxide rich, electronegative LDL. Free Radic. Biol. Med., 2001, 31(1), 82-89.
[84]
Parasassi, T.; De Spirito, M.; Mei, G.; Brunelli, R.; Greco, G.; Lenzi, L.; Maulucci, G.; Nicolai, E.; Papi, M.; Arcovito, G.; Tosatto, S.C.; Ursini, F. Low density lipoprotein misfolding and amyloidogenesis. FASEB J., 2008, 22(7), 2350-2356.
[85]
Asatryan, L.; Hamilton, R.T.; Isas, J.M.; Hwang, J.; Kayed, R.; Sevanian, A. LDL phospholipid hydrolysis produces modified electronegative particles with an unfolded apoB-100 protein. J. Lipid Res., 2005, 46(1), 115-122.
[86]
Brunelli, R.; Balogh, G.; Costa, G.; De Spirito, M.; Greco, G.; Mei, G.; Nicolai, E.; Vigh, L.; Ursini, F.; Parasassi, T. Estradiol binding prevents ApoB-100 misfolding in electronegative LDL. Biochemistry, 2010, 49(34), 7297-7302.
[87]
Brunelli, R.; De Spirito, M.; Mei, G.; Papi, M.; Perrone, G.; Stefanutti, C.; Parasassi, T. Misfolding of apoprotein B-100, LDL aggregation and 17-β -estradiol in atherogenesis. Curr. Med. Chem., 2014, 21(20), 2276-2283.
[88]
Oörni, K.; Pentikäinen, M.O.; Ala-Korpela, M.; Kovanen, P.T. Aggregation, fusion, and vesicle formation of modified low density lipoprotein particles: molecular mechanisms and effects on matrix interactions. J. Lipid Res., 2000, 41(11), 1703-1714.
[89]
Pentikäinen, M.O.; Hyvönen, M.T.; Oörni, K.; Hevonoja, T.; Korhonen, A.; Lehtonen-Smeds, E.M.; Ala-Korpela, M.; Kovanen, P.T. Altered phospholipid-apoB-100 interactions and generation of extra membrane material in proteolysis-induced fusion of LDL particles. J. Lipid Res., 2001, 42(6), 916-922.
[90]
Pentikäinen, M.O.; Oörni, K.; Ala-Korpela, M.; Kovanen, P.T. Modified LDL - trigger of atherosclerosis and inflammation in the arterial intima. J. Intern. Med., 2000, 247(3), 359-370.
[91]
Oörni, K.; Pentikäinen, M.O.; Annila, A.; Kovanen, P.T. Oxidation of low density lipoprotein particles decreases their ability to bind to human aortic proteoglycans. Dependence on oxidative modification of the lysine residues. J. Biol. Chem., 1997, 272(34), 21303-21311.
[92]
Bancells, C.; Villegas, S.; Blanco, F.J.; Benítez, S.; Gállego, I.; Beloki, L.; Pérez-Cuellar, M.; Ordóñez-Llanos, J.; Sánchez-Quesada, J.L. Aggregated electronegative low density lipoprotein in human plasma shows a high tendency toward phospholipolysis and particle fusion. J. Biol. Chem., 2010, 285(42), 32425-32435.
[93]
Bancells, C.; Benítez, S.; Villegas, S.; Jorba, O.; Ordóñez-Llanos, J.; Sánchez-Quesada, J.L. Novel phospholipolytic activities associated with electronegative low-density lipoprotein are involved in increased self-aggregation. Biochemistry, 2008, 47(31), 8186-8194.
[94]
Bancells, C.; Benítez, S.; Jauhiainen, M.; Ordóñez-Llanos, J.; Kovanen, P.T.; Villegas, S.; Sánchez-Quesada, J.L.; Oörni, K. High binding affinity of electronegative LDL to human aortic proteoglycans depends on its aggregation level. J. Lipid Res., 2009, 50(3), 446-455.
[95]
Blanco, F.J.; Villegas, S.; Benítez, S.; Bancells, C.; Diercks, T.; Ordóñez-Llanos, J.; Sánchez-Quesada, J.L. 2D-NMR reveals different populations of exposed lysine residues in the apoB-100 protein of electronegative and electropositive fractions of LDL particles. J. Lipid Res., 2010, 51(6), 1560-1565.
[96]
Benítez, S.; Bancells, C.; Ordóñez-Llanos, J.; Sánchez-Quesada, J.L. Pro-inflammatory action of LDL(-) on mononuclear cells is counteracted by increased IL10 production. Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 2007, 1771(5), 613-622.
[97]
Benítez, S.; Sánchez-Quesada, J.L.; Ribas, V.; Jorba, O.; Blanco-Vaca, F.; González-Sastre, F.; Ordóñez-Llanos, J. Platelet-activating factor acetylhydrolase is mainly associated with electronegative low-density lipoprotein subfraction. Circulation, 2003, 108(1), 92-96.
[98]
Sánchez-Quesada, J.L.; Benítez, S.; Pérez, A.; Wagner, A.M.; Rigla, M.; Carreras, G.; Vila, L.; Camacho, M.; Arcelus, R.; Ordóñez-Llanos, J. The inflammatory properties of electronegative low-density lipoprotein from type 1 diabetic patients are related to increased platelet-activating factor acetylhydrolase activity. Diabetologia, 2005, 48(10), 2162-2169.
[99]
Sánchez-Quesada, J.L.; Villegas, S.; Ordóñez-Llanos, J. Electronegative low-density lipoprotein. A link between apolipoprotein B misfolding, lipoprotein aggregation and proteoglycan binding. Curr. Opin. Lipidol., 2012, 23(5), 479-486.
[100]
Rull, A.; Jayaraman, S.; Gantz, D.L.; Rivas-Urbina, A.; Pérez-Cuellar, M.; Ordóñez-Llanos, J.; Sánchez-Quesada, J.L.; Gursky, O. Thermal stability of human plasma electronegative low-density lipoprotein: A paradoxical behavior of low-density lipoprotein aggregation. Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 2016, 1861(9 Pt A), 1015-1024.
[101]
Rull, A.; Ordonez-Llanos, J.; Sanchez-Quesada, J.L. The role of LDL-bound apoJ in the development of atherosclerosis. Clin. Lipidol., 2015, 10(4), 321-328.
[102]
Martínez-Bujidos, M.; Rull, A.; González-Cura, B.; Pérez-Cuéllar, M.; Montoliu-Gaya, L.; Villegas, S.; Ordóñez-Llanos, J.; Sánchez-Quesada, J.L. Clusterin/apolipoprotein J binds to aggregated LDL in human plasma and plays a protective role against LDL aggregation. FASEB J., 2015, 29(5), 1688-1700.
[103]
Demuth, K.; Myara, I.; Chappey, B.; Vedie, B.; Pech-Amsellem, M.A.; Haberland, M.E.; Moatti, N. A cytotoxic electronegative LDL subfraction is present in human plasma. Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol., 1996, 16(6), 773-783.
[104]
Sánchez-Quesada, J.L.; Camacho, M.; Antón, R.; Benítez, S.; Vila, L.; Ordóñez-Llanos, J. Electronegative LDL of FH subjects: chemical characterization and induction of chemokine release from human endothelial cells. Atherosclerosis, 2003, 166(2), 261-270.
[106]
Bancells, C.; Canals, F.; Benítez, S.; Colomé, N.; Julve, J.; Ordóñez-Llanos, J.; Sánchez-Quesada, J.L. Proteomic analysis of electronegative low-density lipoprotein. J. Lipid Res., 2010, 51(12), 3508-3515.
[107]
Lee, S.J.; Campos, H.; Moye, L.A.; Sacks, F.M. LDL containing apolipoprotein CIII is an independent risk factor for coronary events in diabetic patients. Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol., 2003, 23(5), 853-858.
[108]
Miller, M. Apolipoprotein C-III: The small protein with sizeable vascular risk. Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol., 2017, 37(6), 1013-1014.
[109]
Kawakami, A.; Aikawa, M.; Nitta, N.; Yoshida, M.; Libby, P.; Sacks, F.M. Apolipoprotein CIII-induced THP-1 cell adhesion to endothelial cells involves pertussis toxin-sensitive G protein- and protein kinase C alpha-mediated nuclear factor-kappaB activation. Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol., 2007, 27(1), 219-225.
[110]
Zheng, C.; Azcutia, V.; Aikawa, E.; Figueiredo, J.L.; Croce, K.; Sonoki, H.; Sacks, F.M.; Luscinskas, F.W.; Aikawa, M. Statins suppress apolipoprotein CIII-induced vascular endothelial cell activation and monocyte adhesion. Eur. Heart J., 2013, 34(8), 615-624.
[111]
Kawakami, A.; Aikawa, M.; Alcaide, P.; Luscinskas, F.W.; Libby, P.; Sacks, F.M. Apolipoprotein CIII induces expression of vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 in vascular endothelial cells and increases adhesion of monocytic cells. Circulation, 2006, 114(7), 681-687.
[112]
Li, H.; Han, Y.; Qi, R.; Wang, Y.; Zhang, X.; Yu, M.; Tang, Y.; Wang, M.; Shu, Y.N.; Huang, W.; Liu, X.; Rodrigues, B.; Han, M.; Liu, G. Aggravated restenosis and atherogenesis in ApoCIII transgenic mice but lack of protection in ApoCIII knockouts: The effect of authentic triglyceride-rich lipoproteins with and without ApoCIII. Cardiovasc. Res., 2015, 107(4), 579-589.
[113]
Riwanto, M.; Rohrer, L.; Roschitzki, B.; Besler, C.; Mocharla, P.; Mueller, M.; Perisa, D.; Heinrich, K.; Altwegg, L.; von Eckardstein, A.; Lüscher, T.F.; Landmesser, U. Altered activation of endothelial anti- and proapoptotic pathways by high-density lipoprotein from patients with coronary artery disease: Role of high-density lipoprotein-proteome remodeling. Circulation, 2013, 127(8), 891-904.
[114]
Hiukka, A.; Ståhlman, M.; Pettersson, C.; Levin, M.; Adiels, M.; Teneberg, S.; Leinonen, E.S.; Hultén, L.M.; Wiklund, O.; Oresic, M.; Olofsson, S.O.; Taskinen, M.R.; Ekroos, K.; Borén, J. ApoCIII-enriched LDL in type 2 diabetes displays altered lipid composition, increased susceptibility for sphingomyelinase, and increased binding to biglycan. Diabetes, 2009, 58(9), 2018-2026.
[115]
Morton, R.E.; Gnizak, H.M.; Greene, D.J.; Cho, K.H.; Paromov, V.M. Lipid transfer inhibitor protein (apolipoprotein F) concentration in normolipidemic and hyperlipidemic subjects. J. Lipid Res., 2008, 49(1), 127-135.
[116]
Morton, R.E.; Greene, D.J. CETP and lipid transfer inhibitor protein are uniquely affected by the negative charge density of the lipid and protein domains of LDL. J. Lipid Res., 2003, 44(12), 2287-2296.
[117]
Wyatt, A.; Yerbury, J.; Poon, S.; Dabbs, R.; Wilson, M. Chapter 6: The chaperone action of clusterin and its putative role in quality control of extracellular protein folding. Adv. Cancer Res., 2009, 104, 89-114.
[118]
Rohne, P.; Prochnow, H.; Koch-Brandt, C. The CLU-files: Disentanglement of a mystery. Biomol. Concepts, 2016, 7(1), 1-15.
[119]
Ishikawa, Y.; Ishii, T.; Akasaka, Y.; Masuda, T.; Strong, J.P.; Zieske, A.W.; Takei, H.; Malcom, G.T.; Taniyama, M.; Choi-Miura, N.H.; Tomita, M. Immunolocalization of apolipoproteins in aortic atherosclerosis in American youths and young adults: Findings from the PDAY study. Atherosclerosis, 2001, 158(1), 215-225.
[120]
Foglio, E.; Puddighinu, G.; Fasanaro, P.; D’Arcangelo, D.; Perrone, G.A.; Mocini, D.; Campanella, C.; Coppola, L.; Logozzi, M.; Azzarito, T.; Marzoli, F.; Fais, S.; Pieroni, L.; Marzano, V.; Germani, A.; Capogrossi, M.C.; Russo, M.A.; Limana, F. Exosomal clusterin, identified in the pericardial fluid, improves myocardial performance following MI through epicardial activation, enhanced arteriogenesis and reduced apoptosis. Int. J. Cardiol., 2015, 197, 333-347.
[121]
Schwarz, M.; Spath, L.; Lux, C.A.; Paprotka, K.; Torzewski, M.; Dersch, K.; Koch-Brandt, C.; Husmann, M.; Bhakdi, S. Potential protective role of apoprotein J (clusterin) in atherogenesis: binding to enzymatically modified low-density lipoprotein reduces fatty acid-mediated cytotoxicity. Thromb. Haemost., 2008, 100(1), 110-118.
[122]
Tsukamoto, K.; Mani, D.R.; Shi, J.; Zhang, S.; Haagensen, D.E.; Otsuka, F.; Guan, J.; Smith, J.D.; Weng, W.; Liao, R.; Kolodgie, F.D.; Virmani, R.; Krieger, M. Identification of apolipoprotein D as a cardioprotective gene using a mouse model of lethal atherosclerotic coronary artery disease. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 2013, 110(42), 17023-17028.
[123]
Braesch-Andersen, S.; Beckman, L.; Paulie, S.; Kumagai-Braesch, M. ApoD mediates binding of HDL to LDL and to growing T24 carcinoma. PLoS One, 2014, 9(12), e115180.
[124]
Caslake, M.J.; Packard, C.J. Lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2 (platelet-activating factor acetylhydrolase) and cardiovascular disease. Curr. Opin. Lipidol., 2003, 14(4), 347-352.
[125]
Bhatti, S.; Hakeem, A.; Cilingiroglu, M. Lp-PLA(2) as a marker of cardiovascular diseases. Curr. Atheroscler. Rep., 2010, 12(2), 140-144.
[126]
Stafforini, D.M. Biology of platelet-activating factor acetylhydrolase (PAF-AH, lipoprotein associated phospholipase A2). Cardiovasc. Drugs Ther., 2009, 23(1), 73-83.
[127]
Holopainen, J.M.; Medina, O.P.; Metso, A.J.; Kinnunen, P.K. Sphingomyelinase activity associated with human plasma low density lipoprotein. J. Biol. Chem., 2000, 275(22), 16484-16489.
[128]
Kinnunen, P.K.; Holopainen, J.M. Sphingomyelinase activity of LDL: A link between atherosclerosis, ceramide, and apoptosis? Trends Cardiovasc. Med., 2002, 12(1), 37-42.
[129]
Estruch, M.; Sanchez-Quesada, J.L.; Beloki, L.; Ordoñez-Llanos, J.; Benitez, S. The induction of cytokine release in monocytes by electronegative low-density lipoprotein (ldl) is related to its higher ceramide content than native LDL. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 2013, 14(2), 2601-2616.
[130]
Estruch, M.; Sánchez-Quesada, J.L.; Ordóñez-Llanos, J.; Benítez, S. Ceramide-enriched LDL induces cytokine release through TLR4 and CD14 in monocytes. Similarities with electronegative LDL. Clin. Investig. Arterioscler., 2014, 26(3), 131-137.
[131]
Ke, L.Y.; Chan, H.C.; Chen, C.C.; Lu, J.; Marathe, G.K.; Chu, C.S.; Chan, H.C.; Wang, C.Y.; Tung, Y.C.; McIntyre, T.M.; Yen, J.H.; Chen, C.H. Enhanced sphingomyelinase activity contributes to the apoptotic capacity of electronegative low-density lipoprotein. J. Med. Chem., 2016, 59(3), 1032-1040.
[132]
Mackness, M.; Durrington, P.; Mackness, B. Paraoxonase 1 activity, concentration and genotype in cardiovascular disease. Curr. Opin. Lipidol., 2004, 15(4), 399-404.
