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摘要
背景:纳米技术在医学领域的应用被称为纳米医学。如今,由于近几十年来我们所提供的重要进展,尤其是癌症治疗,这个新的科学分支成为许多研究者关注的焦点。肿瘤纳米医学已被广泛应用于药物传递、纳米制剂和纳米分析对比剂等领域。纳米技术可以通过减少副作用、增加肿瘤药物的积累和提高药物的疗效来克服传统方法的许多局限性。在过去的二十年里,纳米技术得到了迅速的发展,将多种治疗学、传感和靶向剂整合到纳米粒子(NPs)中,开发出能够检测、预防和治疗癌症等复杂疾病的新型纳米设备。方法:本文介绍了基于不同类型有机NPs的主要药物纳米制剂,新制剂与免费药物相比的优势,以及纳米药物如何改善临床护理。我们将其细分为四大类:聚合物NPs、脂质体、胶束和外显子,这是最近才在临床试验中使用的一个小的亚组。结果:纳米技术在药学中的应用使我们能够至少建立基于药物/纳米材料的两阶段载体(药物/纳米材料)的纳米系统,这往往表现出更好的药代动力学(PK)、生物利用度和生物分布。由于这些优点,纳米材料在肿瘤中被动积累(由于增强的渗透性和滞留性,效应,EPR),从而减少了游离药物的副作用。最近,许多新的药物制剂已经从长凳翻译到床边。结论:强调将纳米医学从基础研究阶段转化为临床应用不仅昂贵且耗时,而且需要适当的资金支持。经过多年的创新纳米材料设计,现在是时候考虑到纳米颗粒必须克服的生物障碍了。在癌症患者接受治疗时,经常会遇到单个核吞噬细胞系统、肿瘤内压力或多药耐药等障碍,尤其是在转移的情况下。
关键词: 临床试验,阿霉素,外显子,脂质体,胶束,纳米技术,有机NPs,聚合物,热敏NP。
Current Medicinal Chemistry
Title:The Clinical Translation of Organic Nanomaterials for Cancer Therapy: A Focus on Polymeric Nanoparticles, Micelles, Liposomes and Exosomes
Volume: 25 Issue: 34
关键词: 临床试验,阿霉素,外显子,脂质体,胶束,纳米技术,有机NPs,聚合物,热敏NP。
摘要: Background: The application of nanotechnology in the medical field is called nanomedicine. Nowadays, this new branch of science is a point of interest for many investigators due to the important advances in which we assisted in recent decades, in particular for cancer treatment. Cancer nanomedicine has been applied in different fields such as drug delivery, nanoformulation and nanoanalytical contrast reagents. Nanotechnology may overcome many limitations of conventional approaches by reducing the side effects, increasing tumor drug accumulation and improving the efficacy of drugs. In the last two decades, nanotechnology has rapidly developed, allowing for the incorporation of multiple therapeutics, sensing and targeting agents into nanoparticles (NPs) for developing new nanodevices capable to detect, prevent and treat complex diseases such as cancer.
Method: In this review, we describe the main drug nanoformulations based on different types of organic NPs, the advantages that the new formulations present in comparison with their free drug counterparts and how nanodrugs have improved clinical care. We subdivided them into four main groups: polymeric NPs, liposomes, micelles and exosomes, a small subgroup that has only recently been used in clinical trials.
Results: The application of nanotechnology to pharmaceutical science has allowed us to build up nanosystems based on at least two stage vectors (drug/nanomaterial), which often shown better pharmacokinetics (PK), bioavailability and biodistribution. As a result of these advantages, the nanomaterials accumulate passively in the tumor (due to the enhanced permeability and retention, effect, EPR), thereby decreasing the side effects of free drug. Recently, many new drug formulations have been translated from bench to bedside.
Conclusion: It is important to underline that the translation of nanomedicines from the basic research phase to clinical use in patients is not only expensive and time-consuming, but that it also requires appropriate funding. After many years spent in the design of innovative nanomaterials, it is now the time for the research to take into consideration the biological obstacles that nanodrugs have to overcome. Barriers such as the mononuclear phagocyte system, intratumoral pressure or multidrug resistance are regularly encountered when a cancer patient is treated, especially in the metastatic setting.
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Cite this article as:
The Clinical Translation of Organic Nanomaterials for Cancer Therapy: A Focus on Polymeric Nanoparticles, Micelles, Liposomes and Exosomes, Current Medicinal Chemistry 2018; 25 (34) . https://dx.doi.org/10.2174/0929867324666170830113755
DOI https://dx.doi.org/10.2174/0929867324666170830113755 |
Print ISSN 0929-8673 |
Publisher Name Bentham Science Publisher |
Online ISSN 1875-533X |
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