Title:Cardiac Biomarkers: Invasive to Non-invasive Assessments
Volume: 23
Issue: 37
Author(s): Mohd. Khairuddin Md Arshad, Mohamad Faris Bin Mohamad Fathil, Subash C.B. Gopinath, A. Rahim Ruslinda, Mohammad Nuzaihan Md Nor, Hong Yoong Lam and Uda Hashim
Affiliation:
Keywords:
Cardiac Troponin, C-reactive Protein, Biomarkers, Saliva, Non-invasive, Invasive, Cardiac Risks.
Abstract: Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is a major threat to global health, estimated to be
the cause 30 % (17.3 million in 2008) of deaths every year, and the number of deaths caused
by CVD is expected to increase further, reaching 23.3 million by 2030. Hence, there is a
growing demand for simpler sample extraction, rapid screening results, and intervention of
the subsequent analysis in emergency units. In this paper, we reviewed CVD biomarkers in
blood- and saliva-based specimens. The history of cardiac biomarkers indicates that in the
beginning, cardiac troponin I (cTnI) was a widely accepted ‘gold standard’ marker due to its
high specificity and selectivity. Considering the advantages of salivary-based cardiac biomarkers,
we examined correlations between non-invasive (salivary) and invasive (blood)
diagnoses, and it was found that C-reactive protein (CRP) provides a better correlation. Despite
the low abundance of salivary CRP, several reports displayed the detection limit down
to pg/ml using existing technologies. Thus, salivary CRP has the potential to be used for future
forefront diagnostics for the early assessment of cardiac risks.
