Title:Biocompatible Mater Constructed Microneedle Arrays as a Novel Vaccine Adjuvant- Delivery System for Cutaneous and Mucosal Vaccination
Volume: 21
Issue: 36
Author(s): Ting Wang and Ning Wang
Affiliation:
Keywords:
Immunization, adjuvant, toll-like receptor, C-type lectin receptor, controlled temperature chain, mucosal immunity, cellular immunity,
humoral immunity.
Abstract: Vaccination is the most cost-effective and the best prophylactic strategy for the treatment
of many diseases and, therefore, is widely used to improve human health. However, currently,
most vaccines are given by injection which has a number of intrinsic disadvantages, such
as inoculation needing professionals, waste metal needle pollution and infection, and low vaccination
compliance. To overcome these drawbacks, in the past two decades a variety of microneedles
have been developed and these are increasingly being widely tried to deliver vaccines
due to many prominent advantages, such as their convenience, and effectiveness, over other delivery
systems. In particular, the biocompatible material-constituted microneedle arrays (bioMMAs)
that are fabricated with biocompatible materials in the form of a matrix or formulated micro/nanoparticles, such as liposomes,
PLA/PLGA/ chitosan nanoparticles, hydrogels, polyelectrolyte multiplelayers (PEMs), plasmids, and nonvirulent pathogens, have proven
an effective and stable vaccine adjuvant-delivery system (VADS) allowing painless vaccination via the cutaneous or mucosal route by
minimally trained workers or by self-administration. When given to mammals through the skin or oral mucosa where affluent professional
antigen-presenting cells (APCs), such as Langerhans cells, dendritic cells and macrophages, are actively patrolling for immune
surveillance, the bioMMAs can efficiently elicit robust systemic as well as mucosal immunoresponses against the loaded antigens. In addition,
when different vaccine adjuvants, such as TLR (toll-like receptor) ligands, have been incorporated, the bioMMAs can govern and
redirect the immunoresponse toward a Th1, Th2 or a mixed Th1/Th2 pathway to establish cellular and humoral immunity to the target
pathogens. In this review, various types of bioMMAs used as a VADS are described to show the latest advances and their diverse uses
and potential applications in vaccine-related fields.