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Current Pharmaceutical Design

Editor-in-Chief

ISSN (Print): 1381-6128
ISSN (Online): 1873-4286

Acetylcholinesterase Imaging: Its Use in Therapy Evaluation and Drug Design

Author(s): Hitoshi Shinotoh, Kiyoshi Fukushi, Shin-ichiro Nagatsuka and Toshiaki Irie

Volume 10, Issue 13, 2004

Page: [1505 - 1517] Pages: 13

DOI: 10.2174/1381612043384763

Price: $65

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Abstract

Several cholinesterase (ChE) inhibitors have been labeled with carbon-11 for visualizing binding sites on acetylcholinesterase (AChE) by positron emission tomography (PET). Following intravenous injection of 1,2,3,4- tetrahydro-9-[11C]methylaminoacridine or [11C]donepezil, however, the radioactivity distribution does not reflect the regional distribution of AChE in the brain of animals, probably because these compounds have high non-specific binding and / or other specific binding sites in vivo in the brain. PET studies with [11C]physostigmine and [11C]CP-126,998 in the brain of healthy subjects have shown a radioactivity distribution corresponding to the regional distribution of AChE activity measured in postmortem human brains. These radiotracers may be useful for measuring the occupancy of binding sites on AChE by AChE inhibitors, and for investigating the cerebral pharmacokinetics of such therapeutic drugs. An alternative approach to map AChE is the use of acetylcholine analogue substrates. We have developed Nmethylpiperidinyl esters labeled with carbon-11 for quantitative measurement of AChE activity. Currently, two N- [11C]methylpiperidine esters, N-[11C]methylipiperidin-4-ylacetate (MP4A) and N-[11C]methylpiperidin-4-yl propionate (MP4P or PMP), have been used for clinical studies of Alzheimers disease and other neurodegenerative diseases. Both [11C]MP4A- and [11C]MP4P-PET have demonstrated not only the reduction of AChE activity in the cerebral cortex of patients with Alzheimers disease (AD) but also the inhibitory effects of donepezil and rivastigmine on AChE activity in the brain of AD patients. AChE imaging should prove useful for therapeutic monitoring of the effects of ChE inhibitors, including determination of the appropriate clinical doses of newly developed compounds, and can thus prompt the development of novel drugs targeting AChE.

Keywords: acetylcholine, acetylcholinesterase, butyrylcholinesterase, positron emission tomography, alzheimer disease, donepezil, physostigmine, rivastigmine


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