Review Article

动脉高血压的治疗方法-目前的技术状况

卷 31, 期 29, 2024

发表于: 31 January, 2024

页: [4602 - 4620] 页: 19

弟呕挨: 10.2174/0109298673274823231220063652

价格: $65

conference banner
摘要

动脉高血压(AH)是公认的心血管疾病中最常见的疾病,也是世界上最严重的慢性非传染性疾病。全世界高血压患者人数已达到12.8亿,导致全球心血管疾病和过早死亡增加。高血压的高患病率强调了有效治疗高血压的重要性。如果不及时治疗,血压升高往往会导致致命的并发症(心力衰竭、中风、肾脏疾病等)。考虑到未来AH患病率的增加,对这种疾病及其并发症的成功治疗方法至关重要。AH治疗的目标是通过各种方法维持血压正常,包括改变生活方式,均衡饮食,增加体育活动,心理教育,必要时进行药物治疗。不断发展的药物治疗前景反映了我们对高血压的理解取得的进展,并强调需要不断创新,以应对这一普遍的全球健康问题所带来的挑战。针对高血压的更有效和更有针对性的治疗方法正在进行中,新药物的引入在塑造降压药物治疗的未来中起着关键作用。

关键词: 动脉高血压,加重因素,顽固性高血压,非药物治疗,药物治疗,高血压危象。

[1]
Nenezic, N.; Matunovic, R.; Gudelj, O.; Djuric, I.; Jancic, J.; Samardzic, J. Stress and arterial hypertension - from pathophysiology to pharmacology. Srp. Arh. Celok. Lek., 2021, 149(11-12), 737-740.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/SARH210323066N]
[2]
World health organization. hypertension. 2023. Available from: https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/hypertension (Accessed 2023-07-13).
[3]
Sutters, M. Overview: Systemic hypertension. In: In Current Medical Diagnosis and Treatment; Papadakis, M.; McPhee, S.; Rabow, M.; McQuaid, K., Eds.; McGraw-Hill Education: Columbus, OH, 2023; pp. 443-474.
[4]
Vučević, D.; Radak, Đ.; Đorđević, D.; Miletić, M.; Jakovljević, A.; Jorgačević, B.; Vesković, M. Chronic low grade inflammation in aging process as a link on a chain of obesity - related vascular disorders. Medicinska istraživanja, 2018, 52(1), 32-42.
[5]
Akhtar, S.; Rosenbaum, S.; Akhtar, S.; Rosenbaum, S. Principles of Geriatric Critical Care; Akhtar, S.; Rosenbaum, S., Eds.; Cambridge University Press: Cambridge, England, 2018.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/9781316676325]
[6]
Pauldine, R. Geriatric cardiovascular critical care. In: In Principles of Geriatric Critical Care; Shamsuddin, A.; Stanley, R., Eds.; Cambridge University Press: Cambridge, England, 2018; pp. 81-101.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/9781316676325.007]
[7]
Greenland, P.; Peterson, E. The New 2017 ACC/AHA guidelines “up the pressure” on diagnosis and treatment of hypertension. JAMA, 2017, 318(21), 2083-2084.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.2017.18605] [PMID: 29159417]
[8]
Leung, A.A.; Daskalopoulou, S.S.; Dasgupta, K.; McBrien, K.; Butalia, S.; Zarnke, K.B.; Nerenberg, K.; Harris, K.C.; Nakhla, M.; Cloutier, L.; Gelfer, M.; Lamarre-Cliche, M.; Milot, A.; Bolli, P.; Tremblay, G.; McLean, D.; Tobe, S.W.; Ruzicka, M.; Burns, K.D.; Vallée, M.; Prasad, G.V.R.; Gryn, S.E.; Feldman, R.D.; Selby, P.; Pipe, A.; Schiffrin, E.L.; McFarlane, P.A.; Oh, P.; Hegele, R.A.; Khara, M.; Wilson, T.W.; Penner, S.B.; Burgess, E.; Sivapalan, P.; Herman, R.J.; Bacon, S.L.; Rabkin, S.W.; Gilbert, R.E.; Campbell, T.S.; Grover, S.; Honos, G.; Lindsay, P.; Hill, M.D.; Coutts, S.B.; Gubitz, G.; Campbell, N.R.C.; Moe, G.W.; Howlett, J.G.; Boulanger, J-M.; Prebtani, A.; Kline, G.; Leiter, L.A.; Jones, C.; Côté, A-M.; Woo, V.; Kaczorowski, J.; Trudeau, L.; Tsuyuki, R.T.; Hiremath, S.; Drouin, D.; Lavoie, K.L.; Hamet, P.; Grégoire, J.C.; Lewanczuk, R.; Dresser, G.K.; Sharma, M.; Reid, D.; Lear, S.A.; Moullec, G.; Gupta, M.; Magee, L.A.; Logan, A.G.; Dionne, J.; Fournier, A.; Benoit, G.; Feber, J.; Poirier, L.; Padwal, R.S.; Rabi, D.M.; Rabi, D.M. Hypertension Canada’s 2017 guidelines for diagnosis, risk assessment, prevention, and treatment of hypertension in adults. Can. J. Cardiol., 2017, 33(5), 557-576.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cjca.2017.03.005] [PMID: 28449828]
[9]
Jin, J. Checking blood pressure at home. JAMA, 2017, 318(3), 310.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.2017.6670] [PMID: 28719694]
[10]
Melville, S.; Byrd, J.B. Out-of-office blood pressure monitoring in 2018. JAMA, 2018, 320(17), 1805-1806.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.2018.14865] [PMID: 30398589]
[11]
Myers, M.G. Automated office blood pressure-incorporating sprint into clinical practice. Am. J. Hypertens., 2017, 30(1), 8-11.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ajh/hpw086] [PMID: 27551025]
[12]
Byrd, J.B.; Turcu, A.F.; Auchus, R.J. Primary aldosteronism. Circulation, 2018, 138(8), 823-835.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.118.033597] [PMID: 30359120]
[13]
Bangash, A.; Wajid, F.; Poolacherla, R.; Mim, F.K.; Rutkofsky, I.H. Obstructive sleep apnea and hypertension: A review of the relationship and pathogenic association. Cureus, 2020, 12(5), e8241.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.7759/cureus.8241] [PMID: 32582500]
[14]
Palmer, B.F.; Clegg, D.J. Blood pressure lowering and potassium intake. J. Hum. Hypertens., 2020, 34(10), 671-672.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41371-020-00396-1] [PMID: 32788665]
[15]
Vučević, D.; Samardžić, J.; Radosavljević, M.; Radak, U.; Jorgačević, B.; Đorđević, D.; Kovačević, S. Unbalanced diet as a cardiometabolic risk factor. Medicinska istraživanja, 2022, 55(1), 23-34.
[16]
Radosavljevic, T.; Vučević, D. Binge drinking: pathophysiological and psychological aspects. In: Binge eating and binge drinking: psychological, social and medical implications; Harris, S.B., Ed.; Nova Science: New York, 2013; pp. 201-216.
[17]
Virdis, A.; Giannarelli, C.; Fritsch Neves, M.; Taddei, S.; Ghiadoni, L. Cigarette smoking and hypertension. Curr. Pharm. Des., 2010, 16(23), 2518-2525.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/138161210792062920] [PMID: 20550499]
[18]
Herrmann, S.M.; Textor, S.C. Renovascular hypertension. Endocrinol. Metab. Clin. North Am., 2019, 48(4), 765-778.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ecl.2019.08.007] [PMID: 31655775]
[19]
Morgan, T.; Anderson, A. The effect of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs on blood pressure in patients treated with different antihypertensive drugs. J. Clin. Hypertens., 2003, 5(1), 53-57.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1524-6175.2003.00514.x] [PMID: 12556654]
[20]
Carpio-Rivera, E.; Moncada-Jiménez, J.; Salazar-Rojas, W.; Solera-Herrera, A. Acute effects of exercise on blood pressure: A meta-analytic investigation. Arq. Bras. Cardiol., 2016, 106(5), 422-433.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.5935/abc.20160064] [PMID: 27168471]
[21]
Smart, N.A.; Gow, J.; Bleile, B.; Van der Touw, T.; Pearson, M.J. An evidence-based analysis of managing hypertension with isometric resistance exercise-are the guidelines current? Hypertens. Res., 2020, 43(4), 249-254.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41440-019-0360-1] [PMID: 31758166]
[22]
Liu, M.Y.; Li, N.; Li, W.A.; Khan, H. Association between psychosocial stress and hypertension: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Neurol. Res., 2017, 39(6), 573-580.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01616412.2017.1317904] [PMID: 28415916]
[23]
Vučević, D.; Jorgačević, B.; Radosavljević, M.; Đorđević, D.; Radak, Đ. Risk factors for atherosclerosis in the light of existing scientific facts. Medicinska Istraživanja, 2017, 51(3), 7-19.
[24]
Rimoldi, S.F.; Scherrer, U.; Messerli, F.H. Secondary arterial hypertension: when, who, and how to screen? Eur. Heart J., 2014, 35(19), 1245-1254.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/eht534] [PMID: 24366917]
[25]
Vučević, D.; Jorgačević, B.; Radosavljević, T.; Radak, Đ.; Kovačević, D. The relationship between insulin resistance and cardiovascular system disorders. Medicinska Istraživanja, 2015, 49(3), 5-15.
[26]
Yildiz, M.; Oktay, A.A.; Stewart, M.H.; Milani, R.V.; Ventura, H.O.; Lavie, C.J. Left ventricular hypertrophy and hypertension. Prog. Cardiovasc. Dis., 2020, 63(1), 10-21.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pcad.2019.11.009] [PMID: 31759953]
[27]
Cordonnier, C.; Demchuk, A.; Ziai, W.; Anderson, C.S. Intracerebral haemorrhage: Current approaches to acute management. Lancet, 2018, 392(10154), 1257-1268.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(18)31878-6] [PMID: 30319113]
[28]
Supiano, M.A.; Williamson, J.D. New guidelines and sprint results. Circulation, 2019, 140(12), 976-978.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.119.037872] [PMID: 31525101]
[29]
Seccia, T.M.; Caroccia, B.; Calò, L.A. Hypertensive nephropathy. Moving from classic to emerging pathogenetic mechanisms. J. Hypertens., 2017, 35(2), 205-212.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/HJH.0000000000001170] [PMID: 27782909]
[30]
Khoynezhad, A.; Plestis, K. A. Managing emergency hypertension in aortic dissection and aortic aneurysm surgery. J. Card. Surg, 2006, 21(1), 3-7.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-8191.2006.00213.x]
[31]
Radenković, M.; Stojanović, M.; Prostran, M. Novel facts in pharmacology of endothelial dysfunction. Medicinska Istraživanja, 2015, 49(3), 18-22.
[32]
Karakayali, M.; Omar, T.; Artac, I.; Rencuzogullari, İ.; Karabag, Y.; Demir, O. The relationship between the systemic immune-inflammation index and reverse-dipper circadian pattern in newly diagnosed hypertensive patients. J. Clin. Hypertens., 2023, 25(8), 700-707.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jch.14688] [PMID: 37464585]
[33]
Edvardsson, B. Hypertensive encephalopathy and cerebral infarction. Springerplus, 2014, 3(1), 741.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/2193-1801-3-741] [PMID: 25932363]
[34]
Zuber, S.M.; Kantorovich, V.; Pacak, K. Hypertension in pheochromocytoma: Characteristics and treatment. Endocrinol. Metab. Clin. North Am., 2011, 40(2), 295-311.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ecl.2011.02.002] [PMID: 21565668]
[35]
Fu, J.; Liu, Y.; Zhang, L.; Zhou, L.; Li, D.; Quan, H.; Zhu, L.; Hu, F.; Li, X.; Meng, S.; Yan, R.; Zhao, S.; Onwuka, J.U.; Yang, B.; Sun, D.; Zhao, Y. Nonpharmacologic interventions for reducing blood pressure in adults with prehypertension to established hypertension. J. Am. Heart Assoc., 2020, 9(19), e016804.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/JAHA.120.016804] [PMID: 32975166]
[36]
Kaminsky, L.A.; German, C.; Imboden, M.; Ozemek, C.; Peterman, J.E.; Brubaker, P.H. The importance of healthy lifestyle behaviors in the prevention of cardiovascular disease. Prog. Cardiovasc. Dis., 2022, 70, 8-15.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pcad.2021.12.001] [PMID: 34922952]
[37]
Mattavelli, E.; Catapano, A.L.; Baragetti, A. Molecular immune-inflammatory connections between dietary fats and atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease: Which translation into clinics? Nutrients, 2021, 13(11), 3768.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu13113768] [PMID: 34836026]
[38]
Dan, X.; Mushi, Z.; Baili, W.; Han, L.; Enqi, W.; Huanhu, Z.; Shuchun, L. Differential analysis of hypertension-associated intestinal microbiota. Int. J. Med. Sci., 2019, 16(6), 872-881.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.7150/ijms.29322] [PMID: 31337961]
[39]
Sidhu, S.K.; Weavil, J.C.; Rossman, M.J.; Jessop, J.E.; Bledsoe, A.D.; Buys, M.J.; Supiano, M.S.; Richardson, R.S.; Amann, M. Exercise pressor reflex contributes to the cardiovascular abnormalities characterizing. Hypertension, 2019, 74(6), 1468-1475.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.119.13366] [PMID: 31607174]
[40]
Williams, B.; Mancia, G.; Spiering, W.; Agabiti Rosei, E.; Azizi, M.; Burnier, M.; Clement, D.; Coca, A.; De Simone, G.; Dominiczak, A.; Kahan, T.; Mahfoud, F.; Redon, J.; Ruilope, L.; Zanchetti, A.; Kerins, M.; Kjeldsen, S.; Kreutz, R.; Laurent, S.; Lip, G.Y.H.; McManus, R.; Narkiewicz, K.; Ruschitzka, F.; Schmieder, R.; Shlyakhto, E.; Tsioufis, K.; Aboyans, V.; Desormais, I. 2018 Practice guidelines for the management of arterial hypertension of the european society of cardiology and the european society of hypertension. Blood Press., 2018, 27(6), 314-340.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08037051.2018.1527177] [PMID: 30380928]
[41]
Sheppard, J.P.; Stevens, S.; Stevens, R.; Martin, U.; Mant, J.; Hobbs, F.D.R.; McManus, R.J. Benefits and harms of antihypertensive treatment in low-risk patients with mild hypertension. JAMA Intern. Med., 2018, 178(12), 1626-1634.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jamainternmed.2018.4684] [PMID: 30383082]
[42]
Chobanian, A.V.; Bakris, G.L.; Black, H.R.; Cushman, W.C.; Green, L.A.; Izzo, J.L., Jr; Jones, D.W.; Materson, B.J.; Oparil, S.; Wright, J.T., Jr; Roccella, E.J. Seventh report of the joint national committee on prevention, detection, evaluation, and treatment of high blood pressure. Hypertension, 2003, 42(6), 1206-1252.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/01.HYP.0000107251.49515.c2] [PMID: 14656957]
[43]
Messerli, F.H.; Bangalore, S.; Bavishi, C.; Rimoldi, S.F. Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors in hypertension. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., 2018, 71(13), 1474-1482.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2018.01.058] [PMID: 29598869]
[44]
Vučević, D.; Jorgačević, B.; Đorđević, D.; Radak, Đ.; Radosavljević, M.; Lalić, D. Diabetic vascular disease: Cellular and molecular approach. Medicinska istraživanja, 2017, 51(1), 18-28.
[45]
Radenkovic, M.; Stojanović, M.; Nešić, I.; Prostran, M. Angiotensin receptor blockers & endothelial dysfunction: Possible correlation & therapeutic implications. Indian J. Med. Res., 2016, 144(2), 154-168.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/0971-5916.195022] [PMID: 27934794]
[46]
Gallo, G.; Volpe, M.; Rubattu, S. Angiotensin receptor blockers in the management of hypertension: A real-world perspective and current recommendations. Vasc. Health Risk Manag., 2022, 18, 507-515.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2147/VHRM.S337640] [PMID: 35846737]
[47]
Rakugi, H.; Kario, K.; Yamaguchi, M.; Sasajima, T.; Gotou, H.; Zhang, J. Efficacy of sacubitril/valsartan versus olmesartan in Japanese patients with essential hypertension: A randomized, double-blind, multicenter study. Hypertens. Res., 2022, 45(5), 824-833.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41440-021-00819-7] [PMID: 35058583]
[48]
Radenković, M.; Stojanović, M.; Prostran, M. Calcium channel blockers in restoration of endothelial function: systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Curr. Med. Chem., 2019, 26(29), 5579-5595.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/0929867325666180713144806] [PMID: 30009701]
[49]
World Health Organization. Guideline for the Pharmacological Treatment of Hypertension in Adults; World Health Organization: Genève, Switzerland, 2021, 48. https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/978924003- 3986
[50]
Roush, G.C.; Sica, D.A. Diuretics for hypertension: A review and update. Am. J. Hypertens., 2016, 29(10), 1130-1137.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ajh/hpw030] [PMID: 27048970]
[51]
Mishra, S. Diuretics in primary hypertension – Reloaded. Indian Heart J., 2016, 68(5), 720-723.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ihj.2016.08.013] [PMID: 27773415]
[52]
Jo, W.; Koh, E.S.; Chung, S. Therapeutic roles of thiazides and loop diuretics in blood pressure control and renal protection against chronic kidney disease. Clin. Hypertens., 2023, 29(1), 14.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s40885-023-00238-5] [PMID: 37183259]
[53]
Ruiz-Hurtado, G.; Banegas, J.R.; Sarafidis, P.A.; Volpe, M.; Williams, B.; Ruilope, L.M. Has the sprint trial introduced a new blood-pressure goal in hypertension? Nat. Rev. Cardiol., 2017, 14(9), 560-565.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrcardio.2017.74] [PMID: 28492286]
[54]
Liew, D.; Krum, H. Aldosterone receptor antagonists for hypertension: What do they offer? Drugs, 2003, 63(19), 1963-1972.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2165/00003495-200363190-00001] [PMID: 12962513]
[55]
Maron, B.A.; Leopold, J.A. Aldosterone receptor antagonists: Effective but often forgotten. Circulation, 2010, 121(7), 934-939.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.109.895235] [PMID: 20177008]
[56]
Guichard, J.L.; Clark, D., III; Calhoun, D.A.; Ahmed, M.I. Aldosterone receptor antagonists: Current perspectives and therapies. Vasc. Health Risk Manag., 2013, 9, 321-331.
[PMID: 23836977]
[57]
Wei, F.F.; Zhang, Z.Y.; Huang, Q.F.; Staessen, J.A. Diagnosis and management of resistant hypertension: State of the art. Nat. Rev. Nephrol., 2018, 14(7), 428-441.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41581-018-0006-6] [PMID: 29700488]
[58]
Prichard, B.N.C.; Cruickshank, J.M.; Graham, B.R. Beta-adrenergic blocking drugs in the treatment of hypertension. Blood Press., 2001, 10(5-6), 366-386.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/080370501753400665] [PMID: 11822540]
[59]
Fowler, M.B. Hypertension, heart failure, and beta-adrenergic blocking drugs. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., 2008, 52(13), 1073-1075.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2008.06.032] [PMID: 18848140]
[60]
Paštrović, F.; Okštajner, P.K.; Vodanović, M.; Raos, D.; Jug, J.; Lovrić Benčić, M.; Prkačin, I. The role of anxiolytics in hypertensive urgency management. Psychiatr. Danub., 2020, 32(4), 593-596.
[PMID: 33212468]
[61]
Radosavljevic, M.; Svob Strac, D.; Jancic, J.; Samardzic, J. The role of pharmacogenetics in personalizing the antidepressant and anxiolytic therapy. Genes, 2023, 14(5), 1095.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/genes14051095] [PMID: 37239455]
[62]
Rahman, F.; Muthaiah, N.; Kumaramanickavel, G. Current concepts and molecular mechanisms in pharmacogenetics of essential hypertension. Indian J. Pharmacol., 2021, 53(4), 301-309.
[PMID: 34414909]
[63]
Lee, S.H.; Park, K.K.; Mah, S.Y.; Chung, B.H. Effects of α-blocker ‘add on’ treatment on blood pressure in symptomatic BPH with or without concomitant hypertension. Prostate Cancer Prostatic Dis., 2010, 13(4), 333-337.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/pcan.2010.19] [PMID: 20567256]
[64]
Tziomalos, K.; Athyros, V.G.; Karagiannis, A.; Mikhailidis, D.P. Dyslipidemia induced by drugs used for the prevention and treatment of vascular diseases. Open Cardiovasc. Med. J., 2011, 5(1), 85-89.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1874192401105010085] [PMID: 21769302]
[65]
van de Vusse, D.; Mian, P.; Schoenmakers, S.; Flint, R.B.; Visser, W.; Allegaert, K.; Versmissen, J. Pharmacokinetics of the most commonly used antihypertensive drugs throughout pregnancy methyldopa, labetalol, and nifedipine: A systematic review. Eur. J. Clin. Pharmacol., 2022, 78(11), 1763-1776.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00228-022-03382-3] [PMID: 36104450]
[66]
Acelajado, M.C.; Hughes, Z.H.; Oparil, S.; Calhoun, D.A. Treatment of resistant and refractory hypertension. Circ. Res., 2019, 124(7), 1061-1070.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.118.312156] [PMID: 30920924]
[67]
Shamon, S.D.; Perez, M.I. Blood pressure-lowering efficacy of reserpine for primary hypertension. Cochrane Libr., 2016, 2016(12), CD007655.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD007655.pub3] [PMID: 27997978]
[68]
Sica, D.A. Minoxidil: An underused vasodilator for resistant or severe hypertension. J. Clin. Hypertens., 2004, 6(5), 283-287.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1524-6175.2004.03585.x] [PMID: 15133413]
[69]
Di Daniele, N.; De Francesco, M.; Violo, L.; Spinelli, A.; Simonetti, G. Renal sympathetic nerve ablation for the treatment of difficult-to-control or refractory hypertension in a haemodialysis patient. Nephrol. Dial. Transplant., 2012, 27(4), 1689-1690.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ndt/gfs044] [PMID: 22467751]
[70]
Ipek, E.; Oktay, A.A.; Krim, S.R. Hypertensive crisis. Curr. Opin. Cardiol., 2017, 32(4), 397-406.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/HCO.0000000000000398] [PMID: 28306673]
[71]
Patel, K.K.; Young, L.; Howell, E.H.; Hu, B.; Rutecki, G.; Thomas, G.; Rothberg, M.B. Characteristics and outcomes of patients presenting with hypertensive urgency in the office setting. JAMA Intern. Med., 2016, 176(7), 981-988.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jamainternmed.2016.1509] [PMID: 27294333]
[72]
Peixoto, A.J. Acute severe hypertension. N. Engl. J. Med., 2019, 381(19), 1843-1852.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/NEJMcp1901117] [PMID: 31693807]
[73]
Paini, A.; Aggiusti, C.; Bertacchini, F.; Agabiti Rosei, C.; Maruelli, G.; Arnoldi, C.; Cappellini, S.; Muiesan, M.L.; Salvetti, M. Definitions and epidemiological aspects of hypertensive urgencies and emergencies. High Blood Press. Cardiovasc. Prev., 2018, 25(3), 241-244.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40292-018-0263-2] [PMID: 29916180]
[74]
Kulkarni, S.; Glover, M.; Kapil, V.; Abrams, S.M.L.; Partridge, S.; McCormack, T.; Sever, P.; Delles, C.; Wilkinson, I.B. Management of hypertensive crisis: british and irish hypertension society position document. J. Hum. Hypertens., 2022, 37(10), 863-879.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41371-022-00776-9] [PMID: 36418425]
[75]
Tisdale, J.E.; Huang, M.B.; Borzak, S. Risk factors for hypertensive crisis: Importance of out-patient blood pressure control. Fam. Pract., 2004, 21(4), 420-424.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/fampra/cmh412] [PMID: 15249531]

Rights & Permissions Print Cite
© 2024 Bentham Science Publishers | Privacy Policy