Title:Differential Signaling Pathways in Medulloblastoma: Nano-biomedicine Targeting
Non-coding Epigenetics to Improve Current and Future Therapeutics
Volume: 30
Issue: 1
Author(s): Daniil Sokolov, Neha Sharda, Aindrila Banerjee, Kseniia Denisenko, Emad B. Basalious, Hem Shukla, Jaylyn Waddell, Nadia M. Hamdy*Aditi Banerjee*
Affiliation:
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Abassia 11566, Cairo, Egypt
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, MD 21201, USA
Keywords:
Medulloblastoma (MDB), disease-hallmarks, signaling mechanisms, targeted therapies, in silico, epigenetics, ncRNA, nanotechnology, nanomedicine, nanoparticles.
Abstract:
Background: Medulloblastomas (MDB) are malignant, aggressive brain tumors that primarily
affect children. The survival rate for children under 14 is approximately 72%, while for ages 15 to 39, it is
around 78%. A growing body of evidence suggests that dysregulation of signaling mechanisms and noncoding
RNA epigenetics play a pivotal role in this disease.
Methodology: This study conducted an electronic search of articles on websites like PubMed and Google. The
current review also used an in silico databases search and bioinformatics analysis and an extensive comprehensive
literature search for original research articles and review articles as well as retrieval of current and
future medications in clinical trials.
Results: This study indicates that several signaling pathways, such as sonic hedgehog, WNT/β-catenin,
unfolded protein response mediated ER stress, notch, neurotrophins and TGF-β and ERK, MAPK, and ERK
play a crucial role in the pathogenesis of MDB. Gene and ncRNA/protein are also involved as an axis long
ncRNA to sponge micro-RNAs that affect downstream signal proteins expression and translation affection
disease pathophysiology, prognosis and present potential target hit for drug repurposing. Current treatment
options include surgery, radiation, and chemotherapy; unfortunately, the disease often relapses, and the survival
rate is less than 5%. Therefore, there is a need to develop more effective treatments to combat recurrence
and improve survival rates.
Conclusion: This review describes various MDB disease hallmarks, including the signaling mechanisms involved
in pathophysiology, related-causal genes, epigenetics, downstream genes/epigenes, and possibly the
causal disease genes/non-protein coding (nc)RNA/protein axis. Additionally, the challenges associated with
MDB treatment are discussed, along with how they are being addressed using nano-technology and nano-biomedicine,
with a listing of possible treatment options and future potential treatment modalities.
