Title:Insight into Early Diagnosis of Multiple Sclerosis by Targeting Prognostic
Biomarkers
Volume: 29
Issue: 32
Author(s): Nidhi Puranik, Dhananjay Yadav and Minseok Song*
Affiliation:
- Department of Life Science, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 38541, Korea
Keywords:
Multiple sclerosis, diagnosis, cerebrospinal fluid, biomarkers, neurofilaments, exosomes.
Abstract: Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a central nervous system (CNS) immune-mediated disease that mainly
strikes young adults and leaves them disabled. MS is an autoimmune illness that causes the immune system to
attack the brain and spinal cord. The myelin sheaths, which insulate the nerve fibers, are harmed by our own
immune cells, and this interferes with brain signal transmission. Numbness, tingling, mood swings, memory
problems, exhaustion, agony, vision problems, and/or paralysis are just a few of the symptoms. Despite technological
advancements and significant research efforts in recent years, diagnosing MS can still be difficult.
Each patient's MS is distinct due to a heterogeneous and complex pathophysiology with diverse types of disease
courses. There is a pressing need to identify markers that will allow for more rapid and accurate diagnosis
and prognosis assessments to choose the best course of treatment for each MS patient. The cerebrospinal fluid
(CSF) is an excellent source of particular indicators associated with MS pathology. CSF contains molecules
that represent pathological processes such as inflammation, cellular damage, and loss of blood-brain barrier integrity.
Oligoclonal bands, neurofilaments, MS-specific miRNA, lncRNA, IgG-index, and anti-aquaporin 4
antibodies are all clinically utilised indicators for CSF in MS diagnosis. In recent years, a slew of new possible
biomarkers have been presented. In this review, we look at what we know about CSF molecular markers and
how they can aid in the diagnosis and differentiation of different MS forms and treatment options, and monitoring
and predicting disease progression, therapy response, and consequences during such opportunistic infections.
