Generic placeholder image

Endocrine, Metabolic & Immune Disorders - Drug Targets

Editor-in-Chief

ISSN (Print): 1871-5303
ISSN (Online): 2212-3873

Review Article

Why Pharmacovigilance of Non-steroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs is Important in India?

Author(s): Subhransu Dash, Preet Amol Singh*, Neha Bajwa, Abinash Choudhury, Preeti Bisht and Rajiv Sharma

Volume 24, Issue 7, 2024

Published on: 04 October, 2023

Page: [731 - 748] Pages: 18

DOI: 10.2174/0118715303247469230926092404

Price: $65

Open Access Journals Promotions 2
Abstract

Background: Non-steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs) are among the drugs that are most regularly administered to manage inflammation and pain. Over-the-Counter (OTC) NSAIDs are widely accessible, particularly in developing countries like India. This casual approach to using NSAIDs may operate as a magnet for NSAID-related adverse drug reactions (ADRs) among patients.

Objectives: As patients in India are less informed about the appropriate use of NSAIDs and consumption patttern, adverse drug reactions, and the importance of reporting ADRs, the current study's objective is to promote patient safety by using pharmacovigilance as a tool to educate patients.

Methods: A targeted literature methodology was utilized to gather the data pertaining to NSAIDs, their ADRs and their pharmacovigilance. Different scientific databases, such as Science Direct, PubMed, Wiley Online Library, Springer, and Google Scholar, along with authentic textbooks, were explored as reference literature.

Results: In general, NSAIDs consumption pattern depends upon the different age groups. Around 1.6 billion tablets of NSAIDs are consumed in India for ailments, such as headaches, arthritis, menstrual cramps, osteoarthritis, back pain, rheumatoid arthritis, gout, osteoporosis, tendinitis, cancer pain and chronic pain. Common ADRs of NSAIDs include nausea, vomiting, headache, gastritis, abdominal pain, and diarrhoea. Also, they can cause renal damage and cardiovascular problems if not consumed in a dose-dependent manner. However, Diclofenac and Ibuprofen have both been linked to depression and dementia. There have been reports of aplastic anaemia, agranulocytosis linked to phenylbutazone, Stevens-Johnson, and Lyell's syndrome linked to isoxicam and piroxicam, as well as the vulnerability of new-borns to Reye's syndrome after aspirin use. Lack of awareness, time constraints and unpredictability, poor training in ADRs identification, etc., are some of the reasons for the under-reporting of ADR of NSAIDs in India.

Conclusion: In order to rationally prescribe NSAIDs, it is essential to be aware of probable ADR’s and establish prescription guidelines. Prescribers' behaviour can be changed toward excellent prescribing practices by conducting routine prescription assessments dealing with NSAIDs and providing feedback. In the near future, it will be critical to strengthen ADR data management and expand the reach of pharmacovigilance programs, ADR monitoring centers, and healthcare professionals' especially pharmacists’ training in rural locations.

Keywords: Adverse drug reaction, drug safety design, NSAIDS, patient safety, pharmacovigilance, regulatory affairs.

Next »
Graphical Abstract
[1]
Tanti, A.; Micallef, B.; Serracino-Inglott, A.; Borg, J.J. A review of the National pharmacovigilance system in Malta - implementing and operating a pharmacovigilance management system. Expert Opin. Drug Saf., 2017, 16(1), 65-76.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14740338.2017.1247806] [PMID: 27732110]
[2]
He, B.; Wang, J.; Liu, J.; Hu, X. Eco-pharmacovigilance of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs: Necessity and opportunities. Chemosphere, 2017, 181, 178-189.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.04.084] [PMID: 28437743]
[3]
Arnal, M.J.; Hijos-Mallada, G.; Lanas, A. Gastrointestinal and cardiovascular adverse events associated with NSAIDs. Expert Opin. Drug Saf., 2022, 21(3), 373-384.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14740338.2021.1965988] [PMID: 34376069]
[4]
Indian Pharmacopoeia Commission. Annual Report; IPC: Ghaziabad, 2021.
[5]
Indian Pharmacopoeia Commission. Annual Report; IPC: Ghaziabad, 2011.
[6]
Bushra, R.; Baloch, S.A.; Jabeen, A.; Bano, N.; Aslam, N. Adverse drug reactions (ADRs): Factors and role of pharmacist in their prevention. J. Ayub Med. Coll. Abbottabad, 2015, 27(3), 702-706.
[PMID: 26721044]
[7]
Venning, G.R. Identification of adverse reactions to new drugs. I: What have been the important adverse reactions since thalidomide? BMJ, 1983, 286(6360), 199-202.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.286.6360.199] [PMID: 6401528]
[8]
Radomsky, C.L.; Levine, N. Thalidomide. Dermatol. Clin., 2001, 19(1), 87-103.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0733-8635(05)70232-1] [PMID: 11155589]
[9]
Goodman, T.A.; Polisson, R.P. Methotrexate: Adverse reactions and major toxicities. Rheum. Dis. Clin. North Am., 1994, 20(2), 513-528.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0889-857X(21)00061-2] [PMID: 8016424]
[10]
Ylä-Rautio, H.; Siissalo, S.; Leikola, S. Drug-related problems and pharmacy interventions in non-prescription medication, with a focus on high-risk over-the-counter medications. Int. J. Clin. Pharm., 2020, 42(2), 786-795.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11096-020-00984-8] [PMID: 32078108]
[11]
Brennan, R.; Wazaify, M.; Shawabkeh, H.; Boardley, I.; McVeigh, J.; Hout, M.C. A scoping review of non-medical and extra-medical use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). Drug Saf., 2021, 44(9), 917-928.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40264-021-01085-9] [PMID: 34331260]
[12]
Petrini, E.; Caviglia, G.P.; Pellicano, R.; Saracco, G.M.; Morino, M.; Ribaldone, D.G. Risk of drug interactions and prescription appropriateness in elderly patients. Ir. J. Med. Sci., 2020, 189(3), 953-959.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11845-019-02148-8] [PMID: 31786720]
[13]
Dulal, P.; Khan, G.M. Assessment of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs prescription pattern and gastrointestinal risk factors in a tertiary care hospital of western nepal. J. Health All. Sci., 2019, 9, 59-64.
[14]
Manohar, V.S.; Vinay, M.; Jayasree, T.; Kishan, P.V.; Ubedulla, S.; Dixit, R. Prescribing pattern of gastroprotective agents with non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. J. Pharmacol. Pharmacother., 2013, 4(1), 59-60.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/0976-500X.107684] [PMID: 23662026]
[15]
Ogdie, A.; Blachley, T.; Lakin, P.R.; Dube, B.; McLean, R.R.; Hur, P.; Mease, P.J. Evaluation of clinical diagnosis of axial psoriatic arthritis (PsA) or elevated patient-reported spine pain in CorEvitas’ PsA/spondyloarthritis registry. J. Rheumatol., 2022, 49(3), 281-290.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3899/jrheum.210662] [PMID: 34853090]
[16]
Navarro-Compán, V.; Sepriano, A.; El-Zorkany, B.; van der Heijde, D. Axial spondyloarthritis. Ann. Rheum. Dis., 2021, 80(12), 1511-1521.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/annrheumdis-2021-221035] [PMID: 34615639]
[17]
Cashman, J.N. The mechanisms of action of NSAIDs in analgesia. Drugs, 1996, 52(Suppl. 5), 13-23.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2165/00003495-199600525-00004] [PMID: 8922554]
[18]
Vane, J.R.; Botting, R.M. Mechanism of action of anti-inflammatory drugs. Scand. J. Rheumatol., 1996, 25(sup102), 9-21.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/03009749609097226] [PMID: 8628981]
[19]
Gupta, Y.; Ramachandran, S. Fixed dose drug combinations: Issues and challenges in India. Indian J. Pharmacol., 2016, 48(4), 347-349.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/0253-7613.186200] [PMID: 27756941]
[20]
Gómez-Acebo, I.; Dierssen-Sotos, T.; de Pedro, M.; Pérez-Gómez, B.; Castaño-Vinyals, G.; Fernández-Villa, T.; Palazuelos-Calderón, C.; Amiano, P.; Etxeberria, J.; Benavente, Y.; Fernández-Tardón, G.; Salcedo-Bellido, I.; Capelo, R.; Peiró, R.; Marcos-Gragera, R.; Huerta, J.M.; Tardón, A.; Barricarte, A.; Altzibar, J.M.; Alonso-Molero, J.; Dávila-Batista, V.; Aragonés, N.; Pollán, M.; Kogevinas, M.; Llorca, J. Epidemiology of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs consumption in Spain. The MCC-Spain study. BMC Public Health, 2018, 18(1), 1134.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12889-018-6019-z] [PMID: 30241493]
[21]
Monje, B.; Giménez-Manzorro, Á.; Ortega-Navarro, C.; Herranz-Alonso, A.; Sanjurjo-Sáez, M. Trends in hospital consumption of analgesics after the implementation of a pain performance improvement plan. Rev. Bras. Anestesiol., 2019, 69(3), 259-265.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bjan.2018.11.008] [PMID: 30935672]
[22]
Peiró Moreno, S.; Cervera-Casino, P.; Sanfélix-Gimeno, G.; Librero López, J. Trends in gastrointestinal bleeding in the Region of Valencia (2000-2005). Relationship to sales of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and acid suppression medication. Farm. Hosp., 2011, 35(6), 289-297.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.farma.2010.10.007] [PMID: 21481622]
[23]
Kirmizi, N.I.; Aydin, V.; Akici, A. Utilization trend of gastric acid suppressing agents in relation to analgesics. Pharmacoepidemiol. Drug Saf., 2022, 31(3), 314-321.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pds.5381] [PMID: 34738287]
[24]
Theocharis, G.J.; Thomopoulos, K.C.; Sakellaropoulos, G.; Katsakoulis, E.; Nikolopoulou, V. Changing trends in the epidemiology and clinical outcome of acute upper gastrointestinal bleeding in a defined geographical area in Greece. J. Clin. Gastroenterol., 2008, 42(2), 128-133.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.mcg.0000248004.73075.ad] [PMID: 18209579]
[25]
Krnic, D.; Anic-Matic, A.; Dosenovic, S.; Draganic, P.; Zezelic, S.; Puljak, L. National consumption of opioid and nonopioid analgesics in Croatia: 2007-2013. Ther. Clin. Risk Manag., 2015, 11, 1305-1314.
[PMID: 26357478]
[26]
Cavagna, L.; Caporali, R.; Trifirò, G.; Arcoraci, V.; Rossi, S.; Montecucco, C. Overuse of prescription and OTC non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in patients with rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis. Int. J. Immunopathol. Pharmacol., 2013, 26(1), 279-281.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/039463201302600132] [PMID: 23527735]
[27]
Mehuys, E.; Paemeleire, K.; Van Hees, T.; Christiaens, T.; Van Bortel, L.M.; Van Tongelen, I.; De Bolle, L.; Remon, J.P.; Boussery, K. Self-medication of regular headache: A community pharmacy-based survey. Eur. J. Neurol., 2012, 19(8), 1093-1099.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-1331.2012.03681.x] [PMID: 22360745]
[28]
Indian Council of Medical Research. Annual Report; ICMR; Government of India: New Delhi, 2022.
[29]
Vane, J.R.; Botting, R.M. Mechanism of action of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Am. J. Med., 1998, 104(3), 2S-8S.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0002-9343(97)00203-9] [PMID: 9572314]
[30]
Alomar, M.J. Factors affecting the development of adverse drug reactions (Review article). Saudi Pharm. J., 2014, 22(2), 83-94.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jsps.2013.02.003] [PMID: 24648818]
[31]
Christensen, S.T.; Søndergaard, B.; Honoré, P.H.; Bjerrum, O.J. Pharmacy student driven detection of adverse drug reactions in the community pharmacy setting. Pharmacoepidemiol. Drug Saf., 2011, 20(4), 399-404.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pds.2069] [PMID: 21442686]
[32]
Elzagallaai, A.A.; Greff, M.J.E.; Rieder, M.J. Adverse drug reactions in children: The double-edged sword of therapeutics. Clin. Pharmacol. Ther., 2017, 101(6), 725-735.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cpt.677] [PMID: 28295234]
[33]
Raschi, E.; Piccinni, C.; Signoretta, V.; Lionello, L.; Bonezzi, S.; Delfino, M.; Di Candia, L.; Di Castri, L.; Pieraccini, F.; Carati, D.; Poluzzi, E.; De Ponti, F. Clinically important drug-drug interactions in poly-treated elderly outpatients: A campaign to improve appropriateness in general practice. Br. J. Clin. Pharmacol., 2015, 80(6), 1411-1420.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/bcp.12754] [PMID: 26303150]
[34]
Brahma, D.K.; Wahlang, J.B.; Marak, M.D.; Sangma, M.C. Adverse drug reactions in the elderly. J. Pharmacol. Pharmacother., 2013, 4(2), 91-94.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/0976-500X.110872] [PMID: 23761706]
[35]
Kowalski, M.L.; Makowska, J.S. Seven steps to the diagnosis of NSAIDs hypersensitivity: How to apply a new classification in real practice? Allergy Asthma Immunol. Res., 2015, 7(4), 312-320.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.4168/aair.2015.7.4.312] [PMID: 25749768]
[36]
Brewer, T.; Colditz, G.A. Postmarketing surveillance and adverse drug reactions: Current perspectives and future needs. JAMA, 1999, 281(9), 824-829.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.281.9.824] [PMID: 10071004]
[37]
Duffy, C.P.; Elliott, C.J.; O’Connor, R.A.; Heenan, M.M.; Coyle, S.; Cleary, I.M.; Kavanagh, K.; Verhaegen, S.; O’Loughlin, C.M. NicAmhlaoibh, R.; Clynes, M. Enhancement of chemotherapeutic drug toxicity to human tumour cells in vitro by a subset of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). Eur. J. Cancer, 1998, 34(8), 1250-1259.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0959-8049(98)00045-8] [PMID: 9849488]
[38]
Blumenthal, K.G.; Lai, K.H.; Huang, M.; Wallace, Z.S.; Wickner, P.G.; Zhou, L. Adverse and hypersensitivity reactions to prescription nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents in a large health care system. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. Pract., 2017, 5, 737-743.e3.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jaip.2016.12.006]
[39]
Lunde, P. Drug utilization studies: A useful tool for the safety evaluation of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs? In: Adverse Reactions to Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs: Clinical Pharmacoepidemiology; Springer: Heidelberg, Germany, 1992; pp. 21-32.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-0348-5722-2_2]
[40]
Layton, D.; Wilton, L.V.; Shakir, S.A.W. Safety profile of celecoxib as used in general practice in England: Results of a prescription-event monitoring study. Eur. J. Clin. Pharmacol., 2004, 60(7), 489-501.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00228-004-0788-2] [PMID: 15278327]
[41]
Baniasadi, S.; Fahimi, F.; Shalviri, G. Developing an adverse drug reaction reporting system at a teaching hospital. Basic Clin. Pharmacol. Toxicol., 2008, 102(4), 408-411.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1742-7843.2008.00217.x] [PMID: 18312492]
[42]
Herdeiro, M.T.; Figueiras, A.; Polónia, J.; Gestal-Otero, J.J. Influence of pharmacists’ attitudes on adverse drug reaction reporting: A case-control study in Portugal. Drug Saf., 2006, 29(4), 331-340.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2165/00002018-200629040-00004] [PMID: 16569082]
[43]
Choe, S.; Lee, S.; Park, C.H.; Lee, J.H.; Kim, H.J.; Byeon, S.; Choi, J.H.; Yang, H.J.; Sim, D.W.; Cho, B.J.; Koo, H.; Kang, M.G.; Jeong, J.B.; Choi, I.Y.; Kim, S.H.; Kim, W.J.; Jung, J.W.; Lhee, S.H.; Ko, Y.J.; Park, H.K.; Kang, D.Y.; Kim, J.H. Development and application of an active pharmacovigilance framework based on electronic healthcare records from multiple centers in Korea. Drug Saf., 2023, 46(7), 647-660.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40264-023-01296-2] [PMID: 37243963]
[44]
Swathi, V.S.; Saroha, S.; Prakash, J.; Bhushan, S. Retrospective pharmacovigilance analysis of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs-induced chronic kidney disease. Indian J. Pharmacol., 2021, 53(3), 192-197.
[PMID: 34169903]
[45]
Singh, P.; Vaishnav, Y.; Verma, S. Development of pharmacovigilance system in India and paradigm of pharmacovigilance research: An overview. Curr. Drug Saf., 2023, 18(4), 448-464.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1574886317666220930145603] [PMID: 36200243]
[46]
Siregar, A.S.; Werdhani, R.A.; Ascobat, P.; Nafrialdi, N.; Syam, A.F.; Hidayat, R.; Wangge, G. Development of a module for the prevention of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs-associated gastrointestinal adverse reactions in the elderly at a primary health center. Int. J. Risk Saf. Med., 2021, 32(1), 61-73.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/JRS-200008] [PMID: 32894252]
[47]
Burke, A.; Smyth, E.; FitzGerald, G.A. Analgesic-antipyretic and anti-inflammatory agents and drugs employed in the treatment of gout. In: Goodman & Gilman’s the pharmacological basis of therapeutics; Brunton, L.L., Ed.; McGraw-Hill: NewYork, USA, 2006; pp. 673-715.
[48]
Patrono, C.; Rodríguez, L.A.; Landolfi, R.; Baigent, C. Low-dose aspirin for the prevention of atherothrombosis. N. Engl. J. Med., 2005, 353(22), 2373-2383.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/NEJMra052717] [PMID: 16319386]
[49]
García, L.A.; Barreales, L. Risk of upper gastrointestinal complications among users of traditional NSAIDs and COXIBs in the general population. Gastroenterology, 2007, 132(2), 498-506.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1053/j.gastro.2006.12.007] [PMID: 17258728]
[50]
FitzGerald, G.A.; Patrono, C. The coxibs, selective inhibitors of cyclooxygenase-2. N. Engl. J. Med., 2001, 345(6), 433-442.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/NEJM200108093450607] [PMID: 11496855]
[51]
García, L.A.; Varas, C.; Patrono, C. Differential effects of aspirin and non-aspirin nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs in the primary prevention of myocardial infarction in postmenopausal women. Epidemiology, 2000, 11(4), 382-387.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00001648-200007000-00004] [PMID: 10874543]
[52]
Bombardier, C.; Laine, L.; Reicin, A.; Shapiro, D.; Burgos-Vargas, R.; Davis, B.; Day, R.; Ferraz, M.B.; Hawkey, C.J.; Hochberg, M.C.; Kvien, T.K.; Schnitzer, T.J. Comparison of upper gastrointestinal toxicity of rofecoxib and naproxen in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. N. Engl. J. Med., 2000, 343(21), 1520-1528, 2.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/NEJM200011233432103] [PMID: 11087881]
[53]
Silverstein, F.E.; Faich, G.; Goldstein, J.L.; Simon, L.S.; Pincus, T.; Whelton, A.; Makuch, R.; Eisen, G.; Agrawal, N.M.; Stenson, W.F.; Burr, A.M.; Zhao, W.W.; Kent, J.D.; Lefkowith, J.B.; Verburg, K.M.; Geis, G.S. Gastrointestinal toxicity with celecoxib vs. nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs for osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis: The CLASS study: A randomized controlled trial. Celecoxib long-term arthritis safety study. JAMA, 2000, 284(10), 1247-1255.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.284.10.1247] [PMID: 10979111]
[54]
Schnitzer, T.J.; Burmester, G.R.; Mysler, E.; Hochberg, M.C.; Doherty, M.; Ehrsam, E.; Gitton, X.; Krammer, G.; Mellein, B.; Matchaba, P.; Gimona, A.; Hawkey, C.J. Comparison of lumiracoxib with naproxen and ibuprofen in the therapeutic arthritis research and gastrointestinal event trial (TARGET), reduction in ulcer complications: Randomised controlled trial. Lancet, 2004, 364(9435), 665-674.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(04)16893-1] [PMID: 15325831]
[55]
Jahanbakhshi, M.; Babaloo, Z.; Mortazavi-Jahromi, S.S.; Shokri, M.M.; Ahmadi, H.; Mirshafiey, A. Modification of sexual hormones in rheumatoid arthritis patients by M2000 (β-D-mannuronic acid) as a novel NSAID with immunosuppressive property. Endocr. Metab. Immune Disord. Drug Targets, 2018, 18(5), 530-536.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1871530318666180418111354] [PMID: 29667557]
[56]
Topper, J.N.; Cai, J.; Falb, D.; Gimbrone, M.A., Jr Identification of vascular endothelial genes differentially responsive to fluid mechanical stimuli: Cyclooxygenase-2, manganese superoxide dismutase, and endothelial cell nitric oxide synthase are selectively up-regulated by steady laminar shear stress. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., 1996, 93(19), 10417-10422.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.93.19.10417] [PMID: 8816815]
[57]
Cullen, L.; Kelly, L.; Connor, S.O.; Fitzgerald, D.J. Selective cyclooxygenase-2 inhibition by nimesulide in man. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther., 1998, 287(2), 578-582.
[PMID: 9808683]
[58]
McAdam, B.F.; Catella-Lawson, F.; Mardini, I.A.; Kapoor, S.; Lawson, J.A.; FitzGerald, G.A. Systemic biosynthesis of prostacyclin by cyclooxygenase (COX)-2: The human pharmacology of a selective inhibitor of COX-2. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., 1999, 96(1), 272-277.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.96.1.272] [PMID: 9874808]
[59]
Thun, M.J.; Henley, S.J.; Patrono, C. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs as anticancer agents: Mechanistic, pharmacologic, and clinical issues. J. Natl. Cancer Inst., 2002, 94(4), 252-266.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jnci/94.4.252] [PMID: 11854387]
[60]
Patrono, C.; Baigent, C. Cardiovascular effects of low-dose aspirin, traditional non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and coxibs. Bull. Mem. Acad. R. Med. Belg., 2010, 165(1-2), 115-123.
[61]
Kearney, P.M.; Baigent, C.; Godwin, J.; Halls, H.; Emberson, J.R.; Patrono, C. Do selective cyclo-oxygenase-2 inhibitors and traditional non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs increase the risk of atherothrombosis? Meta-analysis of randomised trials. BMJ, 2006, 332(7553), 1302-1308.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.332.7553.1302] [PMID: 16740558]
[62]
Capone, M.L.; Tacconelli, S.; Sciulli, M.G.; Grana, M.; Ricciotti, E.; Minuz, P.; Di Gregorio, P.; Merciaro, G.; Patrono, C.; Patrignani, P. Clinical pharmacology of platelet, monocyte, and vascular cyclooxygenase inhibition by naproxen and low-dose aspirin in healthy subjects. Circulation, 2004, 109(12), 1468-1471.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/01.CIR.0000124715.27937.78] [PMID: 15037526]
[63]
Capone, M.L.; Tacconelli, S.; Sciulli, M.G.; Anzellotti, P.; Di Francesco, L.; Merciaro, G.; Di Gregorio, P.; Patrignani, P. Human pharmacology of naproxen sodium. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther., 2007, 322(2), 453-460.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1124/jpet.107.122283] [PMID: 17473175]
[64]
Strand, V. Are COX-2 inhibitors preferable to non-selective non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in patients with risk of cardiovascular events taking low-dose aspirin? Lancet, 2007, 370(9605), 2138-2151.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(07)61909-6] [PMID: 18156036]
[65]
Antman, E.M.; Bennett, J.S.; Daugherty, A.; Furberg, C.; Roberts, H.; Taubert, K.A. Use of nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs: An update for clinicians: A scientific statement from the American Heart Association. Circulation, 2007, 115(12), 1634-1642.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.106.181424] [PMID: 17325246]
[66]
Härmark, L.; Van Grootheest, A.C. Pharmacovigilance: Methods, recent developments and future perspectives. Eur. J. Clin. Pharmacol., 2008, 64(8), 743-752.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00228-008-0475-9] [PMID: 18523760]
[67]
Pappa, D.; Stergioulas, L.K. Harnessing social media data for pharmacovigilance: A review of current state of the art, challenges and future directions. Int. J. Data Sci. Anal., 2019, 8(2), 113-135.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s41060-019-00175-3]
[68]
Najafi, S. Importance of pharmacovigilance and the role of healthcare professionals. J. Pharmacovigil., 2018, 6, 1-2.
[69]
Laine, L. Gastrointestinal effects of NSAIDs and coxibs. J. Pain Symptom Manage., 2003, 25(2), 32-40.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0885-3924(02)00629-2] [PMID: 12604155]
[70]
Day, R.O.; Graham, G.G. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). BMJ, 2013, 346, f3195.
[PMID: 23757736]
[71]
Gupta, A.; Bah, M. NSAIDs in the treatment of postoperative pain. Curr. Pain Headache Rep., 2016, 20(11), 62.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11916-016-0591-7] [PMID: 27841015]
[72]
Lanas, A.; Ferrandez, A. NSAID-induced gastrointestinal damage: Current clinical management and recommendations for prevention. Chin. J. Dig. Dis., 2006, 7(3), 127-133.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1443-9573.2006.00257.x] [PMID: 16808792]
[73]
Champion, G.D.; Feng, P.H.; Azuma, T.; Caughey, D.E.; Chan, K.H.; Kashiwazaki, S.; Liu, H.C.; Nasution, A.R.; Nobunaga, M.; Prichanond, S.; Torralba, T.P.; Udom, V.; Utis, D.; Wang, S.R.; Wong, W.S.; Yang, D.J.; Yoo, M.C. NSAID-induced gastrointestinal damage. Epidemiology, risk and prevention, with an evaluation of the role of misoprostol. An Asia-Pacific perspective and consensus. Drugs, 1997, 53(1), 6-19.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2165/00003495-199753010-00002] [PMID: 9010646]
[74]
Schrör, K. Aspirin and Reye syndrome: A review of the evidence. Paediatr. Drugs, 2007, 9(3), 195-204.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2165/00148581-200709030-00008] [PMID: 17523700]
[75]
Zuber, M. Harikrishna; Vidhyashree; Chhabra, M.; Venkataraman, R.; Kumar, S.; Rashid, M. Methotrexate related cutaneous adverse drug reactions: A systematic literature review. J. Basic Clin. Physiol. Pharmacol., 2022, 33(5), 549-565.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/jbcpp-2021-0165] [PMID: 34706401]
[76]
Salonen, A.J.; Taari, K.; Ala-Opas, M.; Viitanen, J.; Lundstedt, S.; Tammela, T.L.J. Advanced prostate cancer treated with intermittent or continuous androgen deprivation in the randomised FinnProstate Study VII: Quality of life and adverse effects. Eur. Urol., 2013, 63(1), 111-120.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eururo.2012.07.040] [PMID: 22857983]
[77]
van Amsterdam, J.; Hartgens, F. Acute and chronic adverse reaction of anabolic–androgenic steroids. Adverse Drug React. Bull., 2014, 288(1), 1111-1114.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/FAD.0000000000000006]
[78]
Sitruk-Ware, R. (Side effects of third generation progestins). Contracept. Fertil. Sex., 1993, 21(4), 295-300.
[PMID: 7951629]
[79]
Dolph, W.A., Jr; Lipton, A. Female genital tract carcinoma and maternal stilbesterol. Pa. Med., 1972, 75(6), 61.
[PMID: 5033066]
[80]
Björnsson, E.; Lindberg, J.; Olsson, R. Liver reactions to oral low-dose tetracyclines. Scand. J. Gastroenterol., 1997, 32(4), 390-395.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/00365529709007690] [PMID: 9140164]
[81]
Miller, C.S.; McGarity, G.J. Tetracycline-induced renal failure after dental treatment. J. Am. Dent. Assoc., 2009, 140(1), 56-60.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.14219/jada.archive.2009.0018] [PMID: 19119167]
[82]
Putriana, N.A.; Rusdiana, T.; Rostinawati, T.; Akbar, M.R.; Destiani, D.P. Evaluation of adverse drug reaction in patients warfarin therapy. J. Adv. Pharm. Technol. Res., 2022, 13(4), 291-295.
[PMID: 36568047]
[83]
Wysowski, D.K.; Nourjah, P.; Swartz, L. Bleeding complications with warfarin use: A prevalent adverse effect resulting in regulatory action. Arch. Intern. Med., 2007, 167(13), 1414-1419.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/archinte.167.13.1414] [PMID: 17620536]
[84]
Sukasem, C.; Sririttha, S.; Tempark, T.; Klaewsongkram, J.; Rerkpattanapipat, T.; Puangpetch, A.; Boongird, A.; Chulavatnatol, S. Genetic and clinical risk factors associated with phenytoin-induced cutaneous adverse drug reactions in Thai population. Pharmacoepidemiol. Drug Saf., 2020, 29(5), 565-574.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pds.4979] [PMID: 32134161]
[85]
Uribe-San-Martín, R.; Ciampi, E.; Uslar, W.; Villagra, S.; Plaza, J.; Godoy, J.; Mellado, P. Risk factors of early adverse drug reactions with phenytoin: A prospective inpatient cohort. Epilepsy Behav., 2017, 76, 139-144.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.yebeh.2017.08.032] [PMID: 28927713]
[86]
Hsu, C.W.; Lee, Y.; Lee, C.Y.; Lin, P.Y. Neurotoxicity and nephrotoxicity caused by combined use of lithium and risperidone: A case report and literature review. BMC Pharmacol. Toxicol., 2016, 17(1), 59.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s40360-016-0101-x] [PMID: 27964751]
[87]
Yeung, C.K.; Chan, H.H.L. Cutaneous adverse effects of lithium: Epidemiology and management. Am. J. Clin. Dermatol., 2004, 5(1), 3-8.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2165/00128071-200405010-00002] [PMID: 14979738]
[88]
Settipane, G.A. Adverse reactions of aspirin and related drugs. Arch. Intern. Med., 1981, 141(3), 328-332.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/archinte.1981.00340030060012] [PMID: 7008734]
[89]
Figueras, A.; Capellà, D.; Castel, J.M.; Laorte, J.R. Spontaneous reporting of adverse drug reactions to non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. A report from the Spanish System of Pharmacovigilance, including an early analysis of topical and enteric-coated formulations. Eur. J. Clin. Pharmacol., 1994, 47(4), 297-303.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00191158] [PMID: 7875178]
[90]
Cohen, I.S.; Jick, H.; Cohen, S.I. Adverse reactions to quinidine in hospitalized patients: Findings based on data from the boston collaborative drug surveillance program. Prog. Cardiovasc. Dis., 1977, 20(2), 151-163.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0033-0620(77)90004-4] [PMID: 331400]
[91]
Russell, R.I. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and gastrointestinal damage—problems and solutions. Postgrad. Med. J., 2001, 77(904), 82-88.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/pmj.77.904.82] [PMID: 11161072]
[92]
Arroyo, M.; Lanas, A. NSAIDs-induced gastrointestinal damage. Review Minerva Gastroenterol. Dietol., 2006, 52(3), 249-259.
[PMID: 16971869]
[93]
Patrignani, P.; Capone, M.L.; Tacconelli, S. NSAIDs and cardiovascular disease. Heart, 2007, 94(4), 395-397.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/hrt.2007.136002] [PMID: 18347364]
[94]
Ghosh, R.; Alajbegovic, A.; Gomes, A.V. NSAIDs and cardiovascular diseases: Role of reactive oxygen species. Oxid. Med. Cell. Longev., 2015, 2015, 1-25.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/536962] [PMID: 26457127]
[95]
Marsico, F.; Paolillo, S.; Filardi, P.P. NSAIDs and cardiovascular risk. J. Cardiovasc. Med., 2017, 18(Suppl. 1), e40-e43.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2459/JCM.0000000000000443] [PMID: 27652819]
[96]
Lindhardsen, J.; Gislason, G.H.; Jacobsen, S.; Ahlehoff, O.; Olsen, A.M.S.; Torp-Pedersen, C.; Hansen, P.R.; Hansen, P.R. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and risk of cardiovascular disease in patients with rheumatoid arthritis: A nationwide cohort study. Ann. Rheum. Dis., 2014, 73(8), 1515-1521.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/annrheumdis-2012-203137] [PMID: 23749610]
[97]
FitzGerald, G.A. Coxibs and cardiovascular disease. N. Engl. J. Med., 2004, 351(17), 1709-1711.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/NEJMp048288] [PMID: 15470192]
[98]
Mosler, C. Cardiovascular risk associated with NSAIDs and COX-2 inhibitors. US Pharm., 2014, 39, 35-38.
[99]
González-Gay, M.A.; González-Juanatey, C. NSAIDs and cardiovascular risk in arthritis. Nat. Rev. Cardiol., 2017, 14(2), 69-70.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrcardio.2016.208] [PMID: 28054573]
[100]
Dixit, M.; Doan, T.; Kirschner, R.; Dixit, N. Significant acute kidney injury due to non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs: Inpatient setting. Pharmaceuticals, 2010, 3(4), 1279-1285.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ph3041279] [PMID: 27713300]
[101]
Klomjit, N.; Ungprasert, P. Acute kidney injury associated with non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Eur. J. Intern. Med., 2022, 101, 21-28.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ejim.2022.05.003] [PMID: 35534373]
[102]
Delmas, P.D. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and renal function. Rheumatology, 1995, XXXIV(Suppl. 1), 25-28.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/rheumatology/XXXIV.suppl_1.25] [PMID: 7780677]
[103]
Bjarnason, I.; Hayllar, J.; Macpherson, A.N.J.; Russell, A.N.S. Side effects of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs on the small and large intestine in humans. Gastroenterology, 1993, 104(6), 1832-1847.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0016-5085(93)90667-2] [PMID: 8500743]
[104]
Harirforoosh, S.; Jamali, F. Renal adverse effects of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Expert Opin. Drug Saf., 2009, 8(6), 669-681.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1517/14740330903311023] [PMID: 19832117]
[105]
Fosslien, E. Adverse effects of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs on the gastrointestinal system. Ann. Clin. Lab. Sci., 1998, 28(2), 67-81.
[PMID: 9558445]
[106]
Cryer, B.; Kimmey, M.B. Gastrointestinal side effects of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Am. J. Med., 1998, 105(1), 20S-30S.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0002-9343(98)00071-0] [PMID: 9715831]
[107]
Pillans, P.I.; Ghiculescu, R.A.; Lampe, G.; Wilson, R.; Wong, R.; Macdonald, G.A. Severe acute liver injury associated with lumiracoxib. J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol., 2012, 27(6), 1102-1105.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1440-1746.2011.07036.x] [PMID: 22142375]
[108]
Usher, C.; Bennett, K.; Teeling, M.; Feely, J. Characterizing new users of NSAIDs before and after rofecoxib withdrawal. Br. J. Clin. Pharmacol., 2007, 63(4), 494-497.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2125.2006.02784.x] [PMID: 17054665]
[109]
Cotter, J.; Wooltorton, E. New restrictions on celecoxib (Celebrex) use and the withdrawal of valdecoxib (Bextra). CMAJ, 2005, 172(10), 1299-1299.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1503/cmaj.050456] [PMID: 15833921]
[110]
Cavazos, J.M.; Naik, A.D.; Woofter, A.; Abraham, N.S. Barriers to physician adherence to nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug guidelines: A qualitative study. Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther., 2008, 28(6), 789-798.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2036.2008.03791.x] [PMID: 19145734]
[111]
Sun, V.C.Y.; Borneman, T.; Ferrell, B.; Piper, B.; Koczywas, M.; Choi, K. Overcoming barriers to cancer pain management: An institutional change model. J. Pain Symptom Manage., 2007, 34(4), 359-369.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpainsymman.2006.12.011] [PMID: 17616336]
[112]
Atchison, J.W.; Herndon, C.M.; Rusie, E. NSAIDs for musculoskeletal pain management: Current perspectives and novel strategies to improve safety. J. Manag. Care Pharm., 2013, 19(9), S3-S19.
[PMID: 24261788]
[113]
Baratta, J.L.; Schwenk, E.S.; Viscusi, E.R. Clinical consequences of inadequate pain relief: Barriers to optimal pain management. Plast. Reconstr. Surg., 2014, 134(4), 15S-21S.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/PRS.0000000000000681] [PMID: 25254999]
[114]
Tanabe, P.; Buschmann, M. Emergency nurses’ knowledge of pain management principles. J. Emerg. Nurs., 2000, 26(4), 299-305.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1067/men.2000.108402] [PMID: 10940837]
[115]
Barkin, R.L.; Beckerman, M.; Blum, S.L.; Clark, F.M.; Koh, E.K.; Wu, D.S. Should nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) be prescribed to the older adult? Drugs Aging, 2010, 27(10), 775-789.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2165/11539430-000000000-00000] [PMID: 20883058]
[116]
Taylor, R.; Lemtouni, S.; Weiss, K.; Pergolizzi, J.V. Pain management in the elderly: An FDA safe use initiative expert panel’s view on preventable harm associated with NSAID therapy. Curr. Gerontol. Geriatr. Res., 2012, 2012, 196159.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/196159]
[117]
Pargeon, K.L.; Hailey, B.J. Barriers to effective cancer pain management: A review of the literature. J. Pain Symptom Manage., 1999, 18(5), 358-368.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0885-3924(99)00097-4] [PMID: 10584460]
[118]
Ward, S.E.; Goldberg, N.; Miller-McCauley, V.; Mueller, C.; Nolan, A.; Pawlik-Plank, D.; Robbins, A.; Stormoen, D.; Weissman, D.E. Patient-related barriers to management of cancer pain. Pain, 1993, 52(3), 319-324.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0304-3959(93)90165-L] [PMID: 7681557]
[119]
Dihle, A.; Helseth, S.; Kongsgaard, U.E.; Paul, S.M.; Miaskowski, C. Using the American Pain Society’s patient outcome questionnaire to evaluate the quality of postoperative pain management in a sample of Norwegian patients. J. Pain, 2006, 7(4), 272-280.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpain.2005.11.005] [PMID: 16618471]
[120]
Jorge, L.; Feres, C.; Telles-Dias, P.R. Topical preparations for pain relief: Efficacy and patient adherence. J. Pain Res., 2010, 4, 11-24.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2147/JPR.S9492] [PMID: 21386951]
[121]
Van Grootheest, A.C.; de Jong-van den Berg, L.T.W. The role of hospital and community pharmacists in pharmacovigilance. Res. Social Adm. Pharm., 2005, 1(1), 126-133.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.sapharm.2004.12.009] [PMID: 17138470]
[122]
Fornasier, G.; Taborelli, M.; Francescon, S.; Polesel, J.; Aliberti, M.; De Paoli, P.; Baldo, P. Targeted therapies and adverse drug reactions in oncology: The role of clinical pharmacist in pharmacovigilance. Int. J. Clin. Pharm., 2018, 40(4), 795-802.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11096-018-0653-5] [PMID: 29785683]
[123]
Prakasam, A.; Nidamanuri, A.; Kumar, S. Knowledge, perception and practice of pharmacovigilance among community pharmacists in South India. Pharm. Pract., 2012, 10(4), 222-226.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.4321/S1886-36552012000400006] [PMID: 24155840]
[124]
Tsvetkova, A.; Todorova, A.; Petkova, V. The role of pharmacist as an advisor on responsible self-medication: A survey. World J. Pharm. Pharm. Sci., 2014, 3, 325-335.
[125]
Yu, Y.M.; Lee, E.; Koo, B.S.; Jeong, K.H.; Choi, K.H.; Kang, L.K.; Lee, M.S.; Choi, K.H.; Oh, J.M.; Shin, W.G. Predictive factors of spontaneous reporting of adverse drug reactions among community pharmacists. PLoS One, 2016, 11(5), e0155517.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0155517] [PMID: 27192159]
[126]
Johnson, A.G.; Day, R.O. The problems and pitfalls of NSAID therapy in the elderly (Part I). Drugs Aging, 1991, 1(2), 130-143.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2165/00002512-199101020-00005] [PMID: 1794009]
[127]
Sultana, J.; Cutroneo, P.; Trifirò, G. Clinical and economic burden of adverse drug reactions. J. Pharmacol. Pharmacother., 2013, 4(1)(Suppl.), S73-S77.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/0976-500X.120957] [PMID: 24347988]
[128]
Elliott, R.A. Problems with medication use in the elderly: An Australian perspective. J. Pharm. Pract. Res., 2006, 36(1), 58-66.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/j.2055-2335.2006.tb00889.x]
[129]
Grosser, T.; Fries, S.; FitzGerald, G.A. Biological basis for the cardiovascular consequences of COX-2 inhibition: Therapeutic challenges and opportunities. J. Clin. Invest., 2005, 116(1), 4-15.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1172/JCI27291] [PMID: 16395396]
[130]
Iammatteo, M.; Blumenthal, K.G.; Saff, R.; Long, A.A.; Banerji, A. Safety and outcomes of test doses for the evaluation of adverse drug reactions: A 5-year retrospective review. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. Pract., 2014, 2(6), 768-774.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jaip.2014.08.001] [PMID: 25439369]
[131]
Iammatteo, M.; Ferastraoaru, D.; Koransky, R.; Alvarez-Arango, S.; Thota, N.; Akenroye, A.; Jerschow, E. Identifying allergic drug reactions through placebo-controlled graded challenges. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. Pract., 2017, 5, 711-7171.e2.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jaip.2016.09.041]
[132]
Cheema, E.; Al-Aryan, A.; Al-Hamid, A. Medicine use and medicine-related problems in patients with liver cirrhosis: A systematic review of quantitative and qualitative studies. Eur. J. Clin. Pharmacol., 2019, 75(8), 1047-1058.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00228-019-02688-z] [PMID: 31079169]
[133]
Choudhury, A.; Singh, P.A.; Bajwa, N.; Dash, S.; Bisht, P. Pharmacovigilance of herbal medicines: Concerns and future prospects. J. Ethnopharmacol., 2023, 309, 116383.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2023.116383] [PMID: 36918049]
[134]
Elliott, R.A.C.; Booth, J. Problems with medicine use in older Australians: A review of recent literature. J. Pharm. Pract. Res., 2014, 44, 258-271.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jppr.1041]
[135]
Thong, B.Y.H.; Lucas, M.; Kang, H.R.; Chang, Y.S.; Li, P.H.; Tang, M.M.; Yun, J.; Fok, J.S.; Kim, B.K.; Nagao, M.; Rengganis, I.; Tsai, Y.G.; Chung, W.H.; Yamaguchi, M.; Rerkpattanapipat, T.; Kamchaisatian, W.; Leung, T.F.; Yoon, H.J.; Zhang, L.; Latiff, A.H.A.; Fujisawa, T.; Thien, F.; Castells, M.C.; Demoly, P.; Wang, J.Y.; Pawankar, R. Drug hypersensitivity reactions in Asia: Regional issues and challenges. Asia Pac. Allergy, 2020, 10(1), e8.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.5415/apallergy.2020.10.e8] [PMID: 32099830]
[136]
Schiavino, D.; Nucera, E.; Roncallo, C.; Pollastrini, E.; De Pasquale, T.; Lombardo, C.; Altomonte, G.; Buonomo, A.; Patriarca, G. Multiple-drug intolerance syndrome: Clinical findings and usefulness of challenge tests. Ann. Allergy Asthma Immunol., 2007, 99(2), 136-142.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1081-1206(10)60637-0] [PMID: 17718101]
[137]
Lindell-Osuagwu, L.; Sepponen, K.; Farooqui, S.; Kokki, H.; Hämeen-Anttila, K.; Vainio, K. Parental reporting of adverse drug events and other drug-related problems in children in Finland. Eur. J. Clin. Pharmacol., 2013, 69(4), 985-994.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00228-012-1426-z] [PMID: 23093040]
[138]
Cooper, J.W. Probable adverse drug reactions in a rural geriatric nursing home population: A four-year study. J. Am. Geriatr. Soc., 1996, 44(2), 194-197.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1532-5415.1996.tb02439.x] [PMID: 8576512]
[139]
Chou, R.; Helfand, M. Challenges in systematic reviews that assess treatment harms. Ann. Intern. Med., 2005, 142(12_Part_2), 1090-1099.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-142-12_Part_2-200506211-00009] [PMID: 15968034]

Rights & Permissions Print Cite
© 2024 Bentham Science Publishers | Privacy Policy