PaSTe. Blockade of the Lipid Phenotype of Prostate Cancer as Metabolic Therapy: A Theoretical Proposal

Sung, H.; Ferlay, J.; Siegel, R.L.; Laversanne, M.; Soerjomataram, I.; Jemal, A.; Bray, F. Global Cancer Statistics 2020: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries. CA Cancer J. Clin., 2021, 71(3), 209-249.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3322/caac.21660] [PMID: 33538338]

Gandaglia, G.; Leni, R.; Bray, F.; Fleshner, N.; Freedland, S.J.; Kibel, A.; Stattin, P.; Van Poppel, H.; La Vecchia, C. Epidemiology and prevention of prostate cancer. Eur Urol Oncol., 2021, 4, 877-892.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.euo.2021.09.006]

Tabayoyong, W.; Abouassaly, R. Prostate cancer screening and the associated controversy. Surg. Clin. North Am., 2015, 95(5), 1023-1039.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.suc.2015.05.001] [PMID: 26315521]

Prostate Cancer Treatment (PDQ^®): Health Professional Version In: PDQ Cancer Information Summaries; National Cancer Institute (US): Bethesda (MD), 2002.

Prager, G.W.; Braga, S.; Bystricky, B.; Qvortrup, C.; Criscitiello, C.; Esin, E.; Sonke, G.S.; Martínez, G.; Frenel, J.S.; Karamouzis, M.; Strijbos, M.; Yazici, O.; Bossi, P.; Banerjee, S.; Troiani, T.; Eniu, A.; Ciardiello, F.; Tabernero, J.; Zielinski, C.C.; Casali, P.G.; Cardoso, F.; Douillard, J.Y.; Jezdic, S.; McGregor, K.; Bricalli, G.; Vyas, M.; Ilbawi, A. Global cancer control: Responding to the growing burden, rising costs and inequalities in access. ESMO Open, 2018, 3(2), e000285.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/esmoopen-2017-000285] [PMID: 29464109]

Yousuf, Z.S. Financial toxicity of cancer care: It’s time to intervene. J. Natl. Cancer Inst., 2016, 108(5), djv370.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jnci/djv370] [PMID: 26657334]

Ramsey, S.D.; Bansal, A.; Fedorenko, C.R.; Blough, D.K.; Overstreet, K.A.; Shankaran, V.; Newcomb, P. Financial insolvency as a risk factor for early mortality among patients with cancer. J. Clin. Oncol., 2016, 34(9), 980-986.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/JCO.2015.64.6620] [PMID: 26811521]

Jayadevappa, R.; Schwartz, J.S.; Chhatre, S.; Gallo, J.J.; Wein, A.J.; Malkowicz, S.B. The burden of out-of-pocket and indirect costs of prostate cancer. Prostate, 2010, 70(11), 1255-1264.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pros.21161] [PMID: 20658653]

Gordon, L.G.; Walker, S.M.; Mervin, M.C.; Lowe, A.; Smith, D.P.; Gardiner, R.A.; Chambers, S.K. Financial toxicity: A potential side effect of prostate cancer treatment among Australian men. Eur. J. Cancer Care, 2017, 26(1), e12392.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/ecc.12392] [PMID: 26423576]

Housser, E.; Mathews, M.; LeMessurier, J.; Young, S.; Hawboldt, J.; West, R. Responses by breast and prostate cancer patients to out-of-pocket costs in Newfoundland and Labrador. Curr. Oncol., 2013, 20(3), 158-165.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3747/co.20.1197] [PMID: 23737684]

Koskinen, J.P.; Färkkilä, N.; Sintonen, H.; Saarto, T.; Taari, K.; Roine, R.P. The association of financial difficulties and out-of-pocket payments with health-related quality of life among breast, prostate and colorectal cancer patients. Acta Oncol., 2019, 58(7), 1062-1068.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0284186X.2019.1592218] [PMID: 30943813]

Xu, W.Y.; Retchin, S.M.; Seiber, E.E.; Li, Y. Income-based disparities in financial burdens of medical spending under the affordable care act in families with individuals having chronic conditions. Inquiry, 2019, 56, 0046958019871815.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0046958019871815] [PMID: 31455121]

Howard, D.H.; Quek, R.G.W.; Fox, K.M.; Arondekar, B.; Filson, C.P. The value of new drugs for advanced prostate cancer. Cancer, 2021, 127(18), 3457-3465.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cncr.33662] [PMID: 34062620]

E.O.-O. and M. Roser. OurWorldInData.org; Financ Healthc, 2017.

Allemani, C.; Matsuda, T.; Di Carlo, V.; Harewood, R.; Matz, M.; Nikšić, M.; Bonaventure, A.; Valkov, M.; Johnson, C.J.; Estève, J.; Ogunbiyi, O.J.; Azevedo e Silva, G.; Chen, W.Q.; Eser, S.; Engholm, G.; Stiller, C.A.; Monnereau, A.; Woods, R.R.; Visser, O.; Lim, G.H.; Aitken, J.; Weir, H.K.; Coleman, M.P.; Bouzbid, S.; Hamdi-Chérif, M.; Zaidi, Z.; Meguenni, K.; Regagba, D.; Bayo, S.; Cheick Bougadari, T.; Manraj, S.S.; Bendahhou, K.; Fabowale, A.; Bradshaw, D.; Somdyala, N.I.M.; Kumcher, I.; Moreno, F.; Calabrano, G.H.; Espinola, S.B.; Carballo, Q.B.; Fita, R.; Diumenjo, M.C.; Laspada, W.D.; Ibañez, S.G.; Lima, C.A.; De Souza, P.C.F.; Del Pino, K.; Laporte, C.; Curado, M.P.; de Oliveira, J.C.; Veneziano, C.L.A.; Veneziano, D.B.; Latorre, M.R.D.O.; Tanaka, L.F.; Rebelo, M.S.; Santos, M.O.; Galaz, J.C.; Aparicio Aravena, M.; Sanhueza Monsalve, J.; Herrmann, D.A.; Vargas, S.; Herrera, V.M.; Uribe, C.J.; Bravo, L.E.; Garcia, L.S.; Arias-Ortiz, N.E.; Morantes, D.; Jurado, D.M.; Yépez Chamorro, M.C.; Delgado, S.; Ramirez, M.; Galán Alvarez, Y.H.; Torres, P.; Martínez-Reyes, F.; Jaramillo, L.; Quinto, R.; Castillo, J.; Mendoza, M.; Cueva, P.; Yépez, J.G.; Bhakkan, B.; Deloumeaux, J.; Joachim, C.; Macni, J.; Carrillo, R.; Shalkow Klincovstein, J.; Rivera Gomez, R.; Poquioma, E.; Tortolero-Luna, G.; Zavala, D.; Alonso, R.; Barrios, E.; Eckstrand, A.; Nikiforuk, C.; Noonan, G.; Turner, D.; Kumar, E.; Zhang, B.; McCrate, F.R.; Ryan, S.; MacIntyre, M.; Saint-Jacques, N.; Nishri, D.E.; McClure, C.A.; Vriends, K.A.; Kozie, S.; Stuart-Panko, H.; Freeman, T.; George, J.T.; Brockhouse, J.T.; O’Brien, D.K.; Holt, A.; Almon, L.; Kwong, S.; Morris, C.; Rycroft, R.; Mueller, L.; Phillips, C.E.; Brown, H.; Cromartie, B.; Schwartz, A.G.; Vigneau, F.; Levin, G.M.; Wohler, B.; Bayakly, R.; Ward, K.C.; Gomez, S.L.; McKinley, M.; Cress, R.; Green, M.D.; Miyagi, K.; Ruppert, L.P.; Lynch, C.F.; Huang, B.; Tucker, T.C.; Deapen, D.; Liu, L.; Hsieh, M.C.; Wu, X.C.; Schwenn, M.; Gershman, S.T.; Knowlton, R.C.; Alverson, G.; Copeland, G.E.; Bushhouse, S.; Rogers, D.B.; Jackson-Thompson, J.; Lemons, D.; Zimmerman, H.J.; Hood, M.; Roberts-Johnson, J.; Rees, J.R.; Riddle, B.; Pawlish, K.S.; Stroup, A.; Key, C.; Wiggins, C.; Kahn, A.R.; Schymura, M.J.; Radhakrishnan, S.; Rao, C.; Giljahn, L.K.; Slocumb, R.M.; Espinoza, R.E.; Khan, F.; Aird, K.G.; Beran, T.; Rubertone, J.J.; Slack, S.J.; Garcia, L.; Rousseau, D.L.; Janes, T.A.; Schwartz, S.M.; Bolick, S.W.; Hurley, D.M.; Whiteside, M.A.; Miller-Gianturco, P.; Williams, M.A.; Herget, K.; Sweeney, C.; Johnson, A.T.; Keitheri Cheteri, M.B.; Migliore Santiago, P.; Blankenship, S.E.; Farley, S.; Borchers, R.; Malicki, R.; Espinoza, J.R.; Grandpre, J.; Wilson, R.; Edwards, B.K.; Mariotto, A.; Lei, Y.; Wang, N.; Chen, J.S.; Zhou, Y.; He, Y.T.; Song, G.H.; Gu, X.P.; Mei, D.; Mu, H.J.; Ge, H.M.; Wu, T.H.; Li, Y.Y.; Zhao, D.L.; Jin, F.; Zhang, J.H.; Zhu, F.D.; Junhua, Q.; Yang, Y.L.; Jiang, C.X.; Biao, W.; Wang, J.; Li, Q.L.; Yi, H.; Zhou, X.; Dong, J.; Li, W.; Fu, F.X.; Liu, S.Z.; Chen, J.G.; Zhu, J.; Li, Y.H.; Lu, Y.Q.; Fan, M.; Huang, S.Q.; Guo, G.P.; Zhaolai, H.; Wei, K.; Zeng, H.; Demetriou, A.V.; Mang, W.K.; Ngan, K.C.; Kataki, A.C.; Krishnatreya, M.; Jayalekshmi, P.A.; Sebastian, P.; Nandakumar, A.; Malekzadeh, R.; Roshandel, G.; Keinan-Boker, L.; Silverman, B.G.; Ito, H.; Nakagawa, H.; Sato, M.; Tobori, F.; Nakata, I.; Teramoto, N.; Hattori, M.; Kaizaki, Y.; Moki, F.; Sugiyama, H.; Utada, M.; Nishimura, M.; Yoshida, K.; Kurosawa, K.; Nemoto, Y.; Narimatsu, H.; Sakaguchi, M.; Kanemura, S.; Naito, M.; Narisawa, R.; Miyashiro, I.; Nakata, K.; Sato, S.; Yoshii, M.; Oki, I.; Fukushima, N.; Shibata, A.; Iwasa, K.; Ono, C.; Nimri, O.; Jung, K.W.; Won, Y.J.; Alawadhi, E.; Elbasmi, A.; Ab Manan, A.; Adam, F.; Sanjaajmats, E.; Tudev, U.; Ochir, C.; Al Khater, A.M.; El Mistiri, M.M.; Teo, Y.Y.; Chiang, C.J.; Lee, W.C.; Buasom, R.; Sangrajrang, S.; Kamsa-ard, S.; Wiangnon, S.; Daoprasert, K.; Pongnikorn, D.; Leklob, A.; Sangkitipaiboon, S.; Geater, S.L.; Sriplung, H.; Ceylan, O.; Kög, I.; Dirican, O.; Köse, T.; Gurbuz, T.; Karaşahin, F.E.; Turhan, D.; Aktaş, U.; Halat, Y.; Yakut, C.I.; Altinisik, M.; Cavusoglu, Y.; Türkköylü, A.; Üçüncü, N.; Hackl, M.; Zborovskaya, A.A.; Aleinikova, O.V.; Henau, K.; Van Eycken, L.; Valerianova, Z.; Yordanova, M.R.; Šekerija, M.; Dušek, L.; Zvolský, M.; Storm, H.; Innos, K.; Mägi, M.; Malila, N.; Seppä, K.; Jégu, J.; Velten, M.; Cornet, E.; Troussard, X.; Bouvier, A.M.; Guizard, A.V.; Bouvier, V.; Launoy, G.; Arveux, P.; Maynadié, M.; Mounier, M.; Woronoff, A.S.; Daoulas, M.; Robaszkiewicz, M.; Clavel, J.; Goujon, S.; Lacour, B.; Baldi, I.; Pouchieu, C.; Amadeo, B.; Coureau, G.; Orazio, S.; Preux, P.M.; Rharbaoui, F.; Marrer, E.; Trétarre, B.; Colonna, M.; Delafosse, P.; Ligier, K.; Plouvier, S.; Cowppli-Bony, A.; Molinié, F.; Bara, S.; Ganry, O.; Lapôtre-Ledoux, B.; Grosclaude, P.; Bossard, N.; Uhry, Z.; Bray, F.; Piñeros, M.; Stabenow, R.; Wilsdorf-Köhler, H.; Eberle, A.; Luttmann, S.; Löhden, I.; Nennecke, A.L.; Kieschke, J.; Sirri, E.; Emrich, K.; Zeissig, S.R.; Holleczek, B.; Eisemann, N.; Katalinic, A.; Asquez, R.A.; Kumar, V.; Petridou, E.; Ólafsdóttir, E.J.; Tryggvadóttir, L.; Clough-Gorr, K.; Walsh, P.M.; Sundseth, H.; Mazzoleni, G.; Vittadello, F.; Coviello, E.; Cuccaro, F.; Galasso, R.; Sampietro, G.; Giacomin, A.; Magoni, M.; Ardizzone, A.; D’Argenzio, A.; Castaing, M.; Grosso, G.; Lavecchia, A.M.; Sutera Sardo, A.; Gola, G.; Gatti, L.; Ricci, P.; Ferretti, S.; Serraino, D.; Zucchetto, A.; Celesia, M.V.; Filiberti, R.A.; Pannozzo, F.; Melcarne, A.; Quarta, F.; Russo, A.G.; Carrozzi, G.; Cirilli, C.; Cavalieri d’Oro, L.; Rognoni, M.; Fusco, M.; Vitale, M.F.; Usala, M.; Cusimano, R.; Mazzucco, W.; Michiara, M.; Sgargi, P.; Boschetti, L.; Borciani, E.; Seghini, P.; Maule, M.M.; Merletti, F.; Tumino, R.; Mancuso, P.; Vicentini, M.; Cassetti, T.; Sassatelli, R.; Falcini, F.; Giorgetti, S.; Caiazzo, A.L.; Cavallo, R.; Cesaraccio, R.; Pirino, D.R.; Contrino, M.L.; Tisano, F.; Fanetti, A.C.; Maspero, S.; Carone, S.; Mincuzzi, A.; Candela, G.; Scuderi, T.; Gentilini, M.A.; Piffer, S.; Rosso, S.; Barchielli, A.; Caldarella, A.; Bianconi, F.; Stracci, F.; Contiero, P.; Tagliabue, G.; Rugge, M.; Zorzi, M.; Beggiato, S.; Brustolin, A.; Berrino, F.; Gatta, G.; Sant, M.; Buzzoni, C.; Mangone, L.; Capocaccia, R.; De Angelis, R.; Zanetti, R.; Maurina, A.; Pildava, S.; Lipunova, N.; Vincerževskiené, I.; Agius, D.; Calleja, N.; Siesling, S.; Larønningen, S.; Møller, B.; Dyzmann-Sroka, A.; Trojanowski, M.; Góźdź, S.; Mężyk, R.; Mierzwa, T.; Molong, L.; Rachtan, J.; Szewczyk, S.; Błaszczyk, J.; Kępska, K.; Kościańska, B.; Tarocińska, K.; Zwierko, M.; Drosik, K.; Maksimowicz, K.M.; Purwin-Porowska, E.; Reca, E.; Wójcik-Tomaszewska, J.; Tukiendorf, A.; Grądalska-Lampart, M.; Radziszewska, A.U.; Gos, A.; Talerczyk, M.; Wyborska, M.; Didkowska, J.A.; Wojciechowska, U.; Bielska-Lasota, M.; Forjaz de Lacerda, G.; Rego, R.A.; Bastos, J.; Silva, M.A.; Antunes, L.; Laranja Pontes, J.; Mayer-da-Silva, A.; Miranda, A.; Blaga, L.M.; Coza, D.; Gusenkova, L.; Lazarevich, O.; Prudnikova, O.; Vjushkov, D.M.; Egorova, A.G.; Orlov, A.E.; Kudyakov, L.A.; Pikalova, L.V.; Adamcik, J.; Safaei Diba, C.; Primic-Žakelj, M.; Zadnik, V.; Larrañaga, N.; Lopez de Munain, A.; Herrera, A.A.; Redondas, R.; Marcos-Gragera, R.; Vilardell Gil, M.L.; Molina, E.; Sánchez Perez, M.J.; Franch Sureda, P.; Ramos Montserrat, M.; Chirlaque, M.D.; Navarro, C.; Ardanaz, E.E.; Guevara, M.M.; Fernández-Delgado, R.; Peris-Bonet, R.; Carulla, M.; Galceran, J.; Alberich, C.; Vicente-Raneda, M.; Khan, S.; Pettersson, D.; Dickman, P.; Avelina, I.; Staehelin, K.; Camey, B.; Bouchardy, C.; Schaffar, R.; Frick, H.; Herrmann, C.; Bulliard, J.L.; Maspoli-Conconi, M.; Kuehni, C.E.; Redmond, S.M.; Bordoni, A.; Ortelli, L.; Chiolero, A.; Konzelmann, I.; Matthes, K.L.; Rohrmann, S.; Broggio, J.; Rashbass, J.; Fitzpatrick, D.; Gavin, A.; Clark, D.I.; Deas, A.J.; Huws, D.W.; White, C.; Montel, L.; Rachet, B.; Turculet, A.D.; Stephens, R.; Chalker, E.; Phung, H.; Walton, R.; You, H.; Guthridge, S.; Johnson, F.; Gordon, P.; D’Onise, K.; Priest, K.; Stokes, B.C.; Venn, A.; Farrugia, H.; Thursfield, V.; Dowling, J.; Currow, D.; Hendrix, J.; Lewis, C. Global surveillance of trends in cancer survival 2000–14 (CONCORD-3): analysis of individual records for 37 513 025 patients diagnosed with one of 18 cancers from 322 population-based registries in 71 countries. Lancet, 2018, 391(10125), 1023-1075.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(17)33326-3] [PMID: 29395269]

Gonzalez-Fierro, A.; Dueñas-González, A. Drug repurposing for cancer therapy, easier said than done. Semin. Cancer Biol., 2021, 68, 123-131.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.semcancer.2019.12.012] [PMID: 31877340]

Tallman, M.; Lo-Coco, F.; Barnes, G.; Kruse, M.; Wildner, R.; Martin, M.; Mueller, U.; Tang, B. Cost-effectiveness analysis of treating acute promyelocytic leukemia patients with arsenic trioxide and retinoic acid in the United States. Clin. Lymphoma Myeloma Leuk, 2015, 15(2015), 771-777.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.clml.2015.07.634]

Zhang, Y.; Yang, J.M. Altered energy metabolism in cancer. Cancer Biol. Ther., 2013, 14(2), 81-89.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.4161/cbt.22958] [PMID: 23192270]

Pascale, R.M.; Calvisi, D.F.; Simile, M.M.; Feo, C.F.; Feo, F. The warburg effect 97 years after its discovery. Cancers, 2020, 12(10), 2819.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cancers12102819] [PMID: 33008042]

Seyfried, T.N.; Arismendi-Morillo, G.; Mukherjee, P.; Chinopoulos, C. On the origin of ATP synthesis in cancer. iScience, 2020, 23(11), 101761.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.isci.2020.101761] [PMID: 33251492]

de la Cruz-López, K.G.; Castro-Muñoz, L.J.; Reyes-Hernández, D.O.; García-Carrancá, A.; Manzo-Merino, J. Lactate in the regulation of tumor microenvironment and therapeutic approaches. Front. Oncol., 2019, 9, 1143.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fonc.2019.01143] [PMID: 31737570]

Kodama, M.; Nakayama, K.I. A second Warburg-like effect in cancer metabolism: The metabolic shift of glutamine-derived nitrogen. BioEssays, 2020, 42(12), 2000169.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bies.202000169] [PMID: 33165972]

Alfarouk, K.O.; Ahmed, S.B.M.; Elliott, R.L.; Benoit, A.; Alqahtani, S.S.; Ibrahim, M.E.; Bashir, A.H.H.; Alhoufie, S.T.S.; Elhassan, G.O.; Wales, C.C.; Schwartz, L.H.; Ali, H.S.; Ahmed, A.; Forde, P.F.; Devesa, J.; Cardone, R.A.; Fais, S.; Harguindey, S.; Reshkin, S.J. The pentose phosphate pathway dynamics in cancer and its dependency on intracellular pH. Metabolites, 2020, 10(7), 285.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/metabo10070285] [PMID: 32664469]

Matés, J.M.; Campos-Sandoval, J.A.; de los Santos-Jiménez, J.; Márquez, J. Glutaminases regulate glutathione and oxidative stress in cancer. Arch. Toxicol., 2020, 94(8), 2603-2623.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00204-020-02838-8] [PMID: 32681190]

Yoo, H.C.; Yu, Y.C.; Sung, Y.; Han, J.M. Glutamine reliance in cell metabolism. Exp. Mol. Med., 2020, 52(9), 1496-1516.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s12276-020-00504-8] [PMID: 32943735]

Zhu, L.; Ploessl, K.; Zhou, R.; Mankoff, D.; Kung, H.F. Metabolic imaging of glutamine in cancer. J. Nucl. Med., 2017, 58(4), 533-537.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2967/jnumed.116.182345] [PMID: 28232608]

Medes, G.; Thomas, A.; Weinhouse, S. Metabolism of neoplastic tissue. IV. A study of lipid synthesis in neoplastic tissue slices in vitro. Cancer Res., 1953, 13(1), 27-29.
[PMID: 13032945]

Pizer, E.S.; Kurman, R.J.; Pasternack, G.R.; Kuhajda, F.P. Expression of fatty acid synthase is closely linked to proliferation and stromal decidualization in cycling endometrium. Int. J. Gynecol. Pathol., 1997, 16(1), 45-51.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00004347-199701000-00008] [PMID: 8986532]

Maningat, P.D.; Sen, P.; Rijnkels, M.; Sunehag, A.L.; Hadsell, D.L.; Bray, M.; Haymond, M.W. Gene expression in the human mammary epithelium during lactation: the milk fat globule transcriptome. Physiol. Genomics, 2009, 37(1), 12-22.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/physiolgenomics.90341.2008] [PMID: 19018045]

Nagarajan, S.R.; Butler, L.M.; Hoy, A.J. The diversity and breadth of cancer cell fatty acid metabolism. Cancer Metab., 2021, 9(1), 2.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s40170-020-00237-2] [PMID: 33413672]

Balaban, S.; Nassar, Z.D.; Zhang, A.Y.; Hosseini-Beheshti, E.; Centenera, M.M.; Schreuder, M.; Lin, H.M.; Aishah, A.; Varney, B.; Liu-Fu, F.; Lee, L.S.; Nagarajan, S.R.; Shearer, R.F.; Hardie, R.A.; Raftopulos, N.L.; Kakani, M.S.; Saunders, D.N.; Holst, J.; Horvath, L.G.; Butler, L.M.; Hoy, A.J. Extracellular fatty acids are the major contributor to lipid synthesis in prostate cancer. Mol. Cancer Res., 2019, 17(4), 949-962.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/1541-7786.MCR-18-0347] [PMID: 30647103]

Vance, D.V.E. Biochemistry of Lipids, Lipoproteins and Membranes, 4^th ed.; , 2022.

Guerra, B.; Recio, C.; Aranda-Tavío, H.; Guerra-Rodríguez, M.; García-Castellano, J.M.; Fernández-Pérez, L. The mevalonate pathway, a metabolic target in cancer therapy. Front Oncol., 2021, 11, 626971.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fonc.2021.626971]

Göbel, A.; Rauner, M.; Hofbauer, L.C.; Rachner, T.D. Cholesterol and beyond - The role of the mevalonate pathway in cancer biology. Biochim Biophys Acta - Rev Cancer., 2020, 1873(2020), 188351.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bbcan.2020.188351]

De Oliveira, M.P.; Liesa, M. The role of mitochondrial fat oxidation in cancer cell proliferation and survival. Cells, 2020, 9(2020), 2600.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cells9122600]

Qu, Q.; Zeng, F.; Liu, X.; Wang, Q.J.; Deng, F. Fatty acid oxidation and carnitine palmitoyltransferase I: Emerging therapeutic targets in cancer. Cell Death Dis., 2016, 7(5), e2226-e2226.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/cddis.2016.132] [PMID: 27195673]

Carracedo, A.; Cantley, L.C.; Pandolfi, P.P. Cancer metabolism: Fatty acid oxidation in the limelight. Nat. Rev. Cancer, 2013, 13(4), 227-232.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrc3483] [PMID: 23446547]

Kwee, S.A.; Lim, J. Metabolic positron emission tomography imaging of cancer: Pairing lipid metabolism with glycolysis. World J. Radiol., 2016, 8(11), 851-856.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.4329/wjr.v8.i11.851] [PMID: 27928466]

Menendez, J.A.; Lupu, R. Fatty acid synthase and the lipogenic phenotype in cancer pathogenesis. Nat. Rev. Cancer, 2007, 7(10), 763-777.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrc2222] [PMID: 17882277]

Swinnen, J.V.; Brusselmans, K.; Verhoeven, G. Increased lipogenesis in cancer cells: New players, novel targets. Curr. Opin. Clin. Nutr. Metab. Care, 2006, 9(4), 358-365.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.mco.0000232894.28674.30] [PMID: 16778563]

Labbé, D.P.; Zadra, G.; Yang, M.; Reyes, J.M.; Lin, C.Y.; Cacciatore, S.; Ebot, E.M.; Creech, A.L.; Giunchi, F.; Fiorentino, M.; Elfandy, H.; Syamala, S.; Karoly, E.D.; Alshalalfa, M.; Erho, N.; Ross, A.; Schaeffer, E.M.; Gibb, E.A.; Takhar, M.; Den, R.B.; Lehrer, J.; Karnes, R.J.; Freedland, S.J.; Davicioni, E.; Spratt, D.E.; Ellis, L.; Jaffe, J.D.; DʼAmico, A.V.; Kantoff, P.W.; Bradner, J.E.; Mucci, L.A.; Chavarro, J.E.; Loda, M.; Brown, M. High-fat diet fuels prostate cancer progression by rewiring the metabolome and amplifying the MYC program. Nat. Commun., 2019, 10(1), 4358.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41467-019-12298-z] [PMID: 31554818]

Purcell, S.A.; Oliveira, C.L.P.; Mackenzie, M.; Robson, P.; Lewis, J.; Prado, C.M. Body composition and prostate cancer risk: A systematic review of observational studies. Adv. Nutr., 2021.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/advances/nmab153] [PMID: 34918023]

Van Blarigan, E.L.; Kenfield, S.A.; Yang, M.; Sesso, H.D.; Ma, J.; Stampfer, M.J.; Chan, J.M.; Chavarro, J.E. Fat intake after prostate cancer diagnosis and mortality in the physicians’ health study. Cancer Causes Control, 2015, 26(8), 1117-1126.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10552-015-0606-4] [PMID: 26047644]

Kuhajda, F.P.; Jenner, K.; Wood, F.D.; Hennigar, R.A.; Jacobs, L.B.; Dick, J.D.; Pasternack, G.R. Fatty acid synthesis: A potential selective target for antineoplastic therapy. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., 1994, 91(14), 6379-6383.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.91.14.6379] [PMID: 8022791]

Fhu, C.W.; Ali, A. Fatty acid synthase: An emerging target in cancer. Mol, 2020, 25(2020), 3935.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules25173935]

Fiorentino, M.; Zadra, G.; Palescandolo, E.; Fedele, G.; Bailey, D.; Fiore, C.; Nguyen, P.L.; Migita, T.; Zamponi, R.; Di Vizio, D.; Priolo, C.; Sharma, C.; Xie, W.; Hemler, M.E.; Mucci, L.; Giovannucci, E.; Finn, S.; Loda, M. Overexpression of fatty acid synthase is associated with palmitoylation of Wnt1 and cytoplasmic stabilization of β- catenin in prostate cancer. Lab. Invest., 2008, 88(12), 1340-1348.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/labinvest.2008.97] [PMID: 18838960]

Migita, T.; Ruiz, S.; Fornari, A.; Fiorentino, M.; Priolo, C.; Zadra, G.; Inazuka, F.; Grisanzio, C.; Palescandolo, E.; Shin, E.; Fiore, C.; Xie, W.; Kung, A.L.; Febbo, P.G.; Subramanian, A.; Mucci, L.; Ma, J.; Signoretti, S.; Stampfer, M.; Hahn, W.C.; Finn, S.; Loda, M. Fatty acid synthase: A metabolic enzyme and candidate oncogene in prostate cancer. J. Natl. Cancer Inst., 2009, 101(7), 519-532.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jnci/djp030] [PMID: 19318631]

Hsieh, A.C.; Small, E.J.; Ryan, C.J. Androgen-response elements in hormone-refractory prostate cancer: Implications for treatment development. Lancet Oncol., 2007, 8(10), 933-939.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1470-2045(07)70316-9] [PMID: 17913662]

Shah, U.; Dhir, R.; Gollin, S.; Chandran, U.; Lewis, D.; Acquafondata, M.; Pflug, B. Fatty acid synthase gene overexpression and copy number gain in prostate adenocarcinoma. Hum. Pathol., 2006, 37(4), 401-409.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.humpath.2005.11.022]

Antonarakis, E.S.; Armstrong, A.J.; Dehm, S.M.; Luo, J. Androgen receptor variant-driven prostate cancer: clinical implications and therapeutic targeting. Prostate Cancer Prostatic Dis., 2016, 19(3), 231-241.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/pcan.2016.17] [PMID: 27184811]

Ettinger, S.L.; Sobel, R.; Whitmore, T.G.; Akbari, M.; Bradley, D.R.; Gleave, M.E.; Nelson, C.C. Dysregulation of sterol response element-binding proteins and downstream effectors in prostate cancer during progression to androgen independence. Cancer Res., 2004, 64(6), 2212-2221.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-2148-2] [PMID: 15026365]

Chen, M.; Zhang, J.; Sampieri, K.; Clohessy, J.G.; Mendez, L.; Gonzalez-Billalabeitia, E.; Liu, X.S.; Lee, Y.R.; Fung, J.; Katon, J.M.; Menon, A.V.; Webster, K.A.; Ng, C.; Palumbieri, M.D.; Diolombi, M.S.; Breitkopf, S.B.; Teruya-Feldstein, J.; Signoretti, S.; Bronson, R.T.; Asara, J.M.; Castillo-Martin, M.; Cordon-Cardo, C.; Pandolfi, P.P. An aberrant SREBP-dependent lipogenic program promotes metastatic prostate cancer. Nat. Genet., 2018, 50(2), 206-218.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41588-017-0027-2] [PMID: 29335545]

Zadra, G.; Photopoulos, C.; Loda, M. The fat side of prostate cancer. Biochim. Biophys. Acta Mol. Cell Biol. Lipids, 2013, 1831(10), 1518-1532.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bbalip.2013.03.010] [PMID: 23562839]

Wang, J.; Li, Y. CD36 tango in cancer: Signaling pathways and functions. Theranostics, 2019, 9(17), 4893-4908.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.7150/thno.36037] [PMID: 31410189]

Amiri, M.; Yousefnia, S.; Seyed Forootan, F.; Peymani, M.; Ghaedi, K.; Nasr Esfahani, M.H. Diverse roles of fatty acid binding proteins (FABPs) in development and pathogenesis of cancers. Gene, 2018, 676, 171-183.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.gene.2018.07.035] [PMID: 30021130]

Anderson, C.M.; Stahl, A. SLC27 fatty acid transport proteins. Mol. Aspects Med., 2013, 34(2-3), 516-528.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mam.2012.07.010] [PMID: 23506886]

Liu, Y.; Zuckier, L.S.; Ghesani, N.V. Dominant uptake of fatty acid over glucose by prostate cells: A potential new diagnostic and therapeutic approach. Anticancer Res., 2010, 30(2), 369-374.
[PMID: 20332441]

Tang, N-T.; D Snook, R.; Brown, M.D.; Haines, B.A.; Ridley, A.; Gardner, P.; Denbigh, J.L. Fatty-acid uptake in prostate cancer cells using dynamic microfluidic raman technology. Molecules, 2020, 25(7), 1652.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules25071652] [PMID: 32260207]

Tousignant, K.D.; Rockstroh, A.; Taherian Fard, A.; Lehman, M.L.; Wang, C.; McPherson, S.J.; Philp, L.K.; Bartonicek, N.; Dinger, M.E.; Nelson, C.C.; Sadowski, M.C. Lipid uptake is an androgen-enhanced lipid supply pathway associated with prostate cancer disease progression and bone metastasis. Mol Cancer Res., 2019, 17(2019), 1166-1179.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/1541-7786.MCR-18-1147]

Watt, M.J.; Clark, A.K.; Selth, L.A.; Haynes, V.R.; Lister, N.; Rebello, R.; Porter, L.H.; Niranjan, B.; Whitby, S.T.; Lo, J.; Huang, C.; Schittenhelm, R.B.; Anderson, K.E.; Furic, L.; Wijayaratne, P.R.; Matzaris, M.; Montgomery, M.K.; Papargiris, M.; Norden, S.; Febbraio, M.; Risbridger, G.P.; Frydenberg, M.; Nomura, D.K.; Taylor, R.A. Suppressing fatty acid uptake has therapeutic effects in preclinical models of prostate cancer. Sci. Transl. Med., 2019, 11(478), eaau5758.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/scitranslmed.aau5758] [PMID: 30728288]

Butler, L.M.; Perone, Y.; Dehairs, J.; Lupien, L.E.; de Laat, V.; Talebi, A.; Loda, M.; Kinlaw, W.B.; Swinnen, J.V. Lipids and cancer: Emerging roles in pathogenesis, diagnosis and therapeutic intervention. Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev., 2020, 159, 245-293.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.addr.2020.07.013] [PMID: 32711004]

Brohée, L.; Demine, S.; Willems, J.; Arnould, T.; Colige, A.C.; Deroanne, C.F. Lipin-1 regulates cancer cell phenotype and is a potential target to potentiate rapamycin treatment. Oncotarget, 2015, 6(13), 11264-11280.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.18632/oncotarget.3595] [PMID: 25834103]

Challapalli, A.; Trousil, S.; Hazell, S.; Kozlowski, K.; Gudi, M.; Aboagye, E.O.; Mangar, S. Exploiting altered patterns of choline kinase-alpha expression on human prostate tissue to prognosticate prostate cancer. J. Clin. Pathol., 2015, 68(9), 703-709.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/jclinpath-2015-202859] [PMID: 26041862]

Ramírez de Molina, A.; Gallego-Ortega, D.; Sarmentero, J.; Bañez-Coronel, M.; Martín-Cantalejo, Y.; Lacal, J.C. Choline kinase is a novel oncogene that potentiates RhoA-induced carcinogenesis. Cancer Res., 2005, 65(13), 5647-5653.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-04-4416] [PMID: 15994937]

Daaka, Y. G proteins in cancer: The prostate cancer paradigm. Sci. STKE, 2004, 2004(216), re2.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/stke.2162004re2] [PMID: 14734786]

Koizumi, A.; Narita, S.; Nakanishi, H.; Ishikawa, M.; Eguchi, S.; Kimura, H.; Takasuga, S.; Huang, M.; Inoue, T.; Sasaki, J.; Yoshioka, T.; Habuchi, T.; Sasaki, T. Increased fatty acyl saturation of phosphatidylinositol phosphates in prostate cancer progression. Sci. Rep., 2019, 9(1), 13257.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-49744-3] [PMID: 31520002]

Ingram, L.M.; Finnerty, M.C.; Mansoura, M.; Chou, C.W.; Cummings, B.S. Identification of lipidomic profiles associated with drug-resistant prostate cancer cells. Lipids Health Dis., 2021, 20(1), 15.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12944-021-01437-5] [PMID: 33596934]

Resh, M.D. Fatty acylation of proteins: The long and the short of it. Prog. Lipid Res., 2016, 63, 120-131.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.plipres.2016.05.002] [PMID: 27233110]

Goligorsky, M.S.; Li, H.; Brodsky, S.; Chen, J. Relationships between caveolae and eNOS: Everything in proximity and the proximity of everything. Am. J. Physiol. Renal Physiol., 2002, 283(1), F1-F10.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajprenal.00377.2001] [PMID: 12060581]

Li, T.; Li, D.; Sha, J.; Sun, P.; Huang, Y. MicroRNA-21 directly targets MARCKS and promotes apoptosis resistance and invasion in prostate cancer cells. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., 2009, 383(3), 280-285.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bbrc.2009.03.077] [PMID: 19302977]

Tan, Y.; Sementino, E.; Liu, Z.; Cai, K.Q.; Testa, J.R. Wnt signaling mediates oncogenic synergy between Akt and Dlx5 in T-cell lymphomagenesis by enhancing cholesterol synthesis. Sci. Rep., 2020, 10(1), 15837.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-72822-w] [PMID: 32985581]

Kim, S.; Yang, X.; Li, Q.; Wu, M.; Costyn, L.; Beharry, Z.; Bartlett, M.G.; Cai, H. Myristoylation of Src kinase mediates Src-induced and high-fat diet–accelerated prostate tumor progression in mice. J. Biol. Chem., 2017, 292(45), 18422-18433.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1074/jbc.M117.798827] [PMID: 28939770]

Yang, X.; Ma, Y.; Li, N.; Cai, H.; Bartlett, M.G. Development of a method for the determination of Acyl-CoA compounds by liquid chromatography mass spectrometry to probe the metabolism of fatty acids. Anal Chem., 2017, 89(2017), 813-821.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.analchem.6b03623]

Fhu, C.W.; Ali, A. Protein lipidation by palmitoylation and myristoylation in cancer. Front. Cell Dev. Biol., 2021, 9, 673647.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fcell.2021.673647] [PMID: 34095144]

Kurayoshi, M.; Yamamoto, H.; Izumi, S.; Kikuchi, A. Post-translational palmitoylation and glycosylation of Wnt-5a are necessary for its signalling. Biochem. J., 2007, 402(3), 515-523.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/BJ20061476] [PMID: 17117926]

Goodwin, J.S.; Drake, K.R.; Rogers, C.; Wright, L.; Lippincott-Schwartz, J.; Philips, M.R.; Kenworthy, A.K. Depalmitoylated Ras traffics to and from the Golgi complex via a nonvesicular pathway. J. Cell Biol., 2005, 170(2), 261-272.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1083/jcb.200502063] [PMID: 16027222]

Cuiffo, B.; Ren, R. Palmitoylation of oncogenic NRAS is essential for leukemogenesis. Blood, 2010, 115(17), 3598-3605.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood-2009-03-213876] [PMID: 20200357]

Azbazdar, Y.; Ozalp, O.; Sezgin, E.; Veerapathiran, S.; Duncan, A.L.; Sansom, M.S.P.; Eggeling, C.; Wohland, T.; Karaca, E.; Ozhan, G. More favorable palmitic acid over palmitoleic acid modification of Wnt3 ensures its localization and activity in plasma membrane domains. Front. Cell Dev. Biol., 2019, 7, 281.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fcell.2019.00281] [PMID: 31803740]

Price, D.T.; Coleman, R.E.; Liao, R.P.; Robertson, C.N.; Polascik, T.J.; Degrado, T.R. Comparison of [18 F]fluorocholine and [18 F]fluorodeoxyglucose for positron emission tomography of androgen dependent and androgen independent prostate cancer. J. Urol., 2002, 168(1), 273-280.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0022-5347(05)64906-3] [PMID: 12050555]

Liu, Y. Fatty acid oxidation is a dominant bioenergetic pathway in prostate cancer. Prostate Cancer Prostatic Dis., 2006, 9(3), 230-234.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/sj.pcan.4500879] [PMID: 16683009]

Zha, S.; Ferdinandusse, S.; Denis, S.; Wanders, R.J.; Ewing, C.M.; Luo, J.; De Marzo, A.M.; Isaacs, W.B. Alpha-methylacyl-CoA racemase as an androgen-independent growth modifier in prostate cancer. Cancer Res., 2003, 63(21), 7365-7376.
[PMID: 14612535]

Lin, J.; Xu, J.; Tian, H.; Gao, X.; Chen, Q.; Gu, Q.; Xu, G.; Song, J.; Zhao, F. Identification of candidate prostate cancer biomarkers in prostate needle biopsy specimens using proteomic analysis. Int. J. Cancer, 2007, 121(12), 2596-2605.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ijc.23016] [PMID: 17722004]

Nassar, Z.D.; Mah, C.Y.; Dehairs, J.; Burvenich, I.J.G.; Irani, S.; Centenera, M.M.; Helm, M.; Shrestha, R.K.; Moldovan, M.; Don, A.S.; Holst, J.; Scott, A.M.; Horvath, L.G.; Lynn, D.J.; Selth, L.A.; Hoy, A.J.; Swinnen, J.V.; Butler, L.M. Human DECR1 is an androgen-repressed survival factor that regulates PUFA oxidation to protect prostate tumor cells from ferroptosis. eLife, 2020, 9, e54166.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.54166] [PMID: 32686647]

Schlaepfer, I.R.; Rider, L.; Rodrigues, L.U.; Gijón, M.A.; Pac, C.T.; Romero, L.; Cimic, A.; Sirintrapun, S.J.; Glodé, L.M.; Eckel, R.H.; Cramer, S.D. Lipid catabolism via CPT1 as a therapeutic target for prostate cancer. Mol. Cancer Ther., 2014, 13(10), 2361-2371.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/1535-7163.MCT-14-0183] [PMID: 25122071]

Iglesias-Gato, D.; Thysell, E.; Tyanova, S.; Crnalic, S.; Santos, A.; Lima, T.S.; Geiger, T.; Cox, J.; Widmark, A.; Bergh, A.; Mann, M.; Flores-Morales, A.; Wikström, P. The proteome of prostate cancer bone metastasis reveals heterogeneity with prognostic implications. Clin. Cancer Res., 2018, 24(2018), 5433-5444.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-18-1229]

Ren, S.; Shao, Y.; Zhao, X.; Hong, C.S.; Wang, F.; Lu, X.; Li, J.; Ye, G.; Yan, M.; Zhuang, Z.; Xu, C.; Xu, G.; Sun, Y. Integration of metabolomics and transcriptomics reveals major metabolic pathways and potential biomarker involved in prostate cancer. Mol. Cell. Proteomics, 2016, 15(1), 154-163.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1074/mcp.M115.052381] [PMID: 26545398]

Andersen, M.K.; Høiem, T.S.; Claes, B.S.R.; Balluff, B.; Martin-Lorenzo, M.; Richardsen, E.; Krossa, S.; Bertilsson, H.; Heeren, R.M.A.; Rye, M.B.; Giskeødegård, G.F.; Bathen, T.F.; Tessem, M.B. Spatial differentiation of metabolism in prostate cancer tissue by MALDI-TOF MSI. Cancer Metab., 2021, 9(1), 9.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s40170-021-00242-z] [PMID: 33514438]

Xue, L.; Qi, H.; Zhang, H.; Ding, L.; Huang, Q.; Zhao, D.; Wu, B.J.; Li, X. Targeting SREBP-2-regulated mevalonate metabolism for cancer therapy. Front. Oncol., 2020, 10, 1510.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fonc.2020.01510] [PMID: 32974183]

Pelton, K.; Freeman, M.R.; Solomon, K.R. Cholesterol and prostate cancer. Curr. Opin. Pharmacol., 2012, 12(6), 751-759.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.coph.2012.07.006] [PMID: 22824430]

Eberlé, D.; Hegarty, B.; Bossard, P.; Ferré, P.; Foufelle, F. SREBP transcription factors: Master regulators of lipid homeostasis. Biochimie, 2004, 86(11), 839-848.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biochi.2004.09.018] [PMID: 15589694]

Li, X.; Wu, J.B.; Li, Q.; Shigemura, K.; Chung, L.W.K.; Huang, W.C. SREBP-2 promotes stem cell-like properties and metastasis by transcriptional activation of c-Myc in prostate cancer. Oncotarget, 2016, 7(11), 12869-12884.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.18632/oncotarget.7331] [PMID: 26883200]

Chandra, N.C.; Singh, G.; Sankanagoudar, S.; Dogra, P. Interlink between cholesterol & cell cycle in prostate carcinoma. Indian J. Med. Res., 2017, 146(S8), 38.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/ijmr.IJMR_1639_15] [PMID: 29578193]

Staubach, S.; Hanisch, F.G. Lipid rafts: Signaling and sorting platforms of cells and their roles in cancer. Expert Rev. Proteomics, 2011, 8(2), 263-277.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1586/epr.11.2] [PMID: 21501018]

Oh, H.Y.; Lee, E.J.; Yoon, S.; Chung, B.H.; Cho, K.S.; Hong, S.J. Cholesterol level of lipid raft microdomains regulates apoptotic cell death in prostate cancer cells through EGFR-mediated Akt and ERK signal transduction. Prostate, 2007, 67(10), 1061-1069.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pros.20593] [PMID: 17469127]

Karpen, H.E.; Bukowski, J.T.; Hughes, T.; Gratton, J.P.; Sessa, W.C.; Gailani, M.R. The sonic hedgehog receptor patched associates with caveolin-1 in cholesterol-rich microdomains of the plasma membrane. J. Biol. Chem., 2001, 276(22), 19503-19511.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1074/jbc.M010832200] [PMID: 11278759]

Hyuga, T.; Alcantara, M.; Kajioka, D.; Haraguchi, R.; Suzuki, K.; Miyagawa, S.; Kojima, Y.; Hayashi, Y.; Yamada, G. Hedgehog signaling for urogenital organogenesis and prostate cancer: An implication for the epithelial–mesenchyme interaction (EMI). Int. J. Mol. Sci., 2019, 21(1), 58.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms21010058] [PMID: 31861793]

Chen, P.; Zhang, Y.; Xue, B.; Xu, G. Association of Caveolin-1 expression with prostate cancer: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Front. Oncol., 2021, 10, 562774.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fonc.2020.562774] [PMID: 33489874]

Williams, T.M.; Hassan, G.S.; Li, J.; Cohen, A.W.; Medina, F.; Frank, P.G.; Pestell, R.G.; Di Vizio, D.; Loda, M.; Lisanti, M.P. Caveolin-1 promotes tumor progression in an autochthonous mouse model of prostate cancer: genetic ablation of Cav-1 delays advanced prostate tumor development in tramp mice. J. Biol. Chem., 2005, 280(26), 25134-25145.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1074/jbc.M501186200] [PMID: 15802273]

Montgomery, R.B.; Mostaghel, E.A.; Vessella, R.; Hess, D.L.; Kalhorn, T.F.; Higano, C.S.; True, L.D.; Nelson, P.S. Maintenance of intratumoral androgens in metastatic prostate cancer: a mechanism for castration-resistant tumor growth. Cancer Res., 2008, 68(11), 4447-4454.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-08-0249] [PMID: 18519708]

Mostaghel, E.A.; Page, S.T.; Lin, D.W.; Fazli, L.; Coleman, I.M.; True, L.D.; Knudsen, B.; Hess, D.L.; Nelson, C.C.; Matsumoto, A.M.; Bremner, W.J.; Gleave, M.E.; Nelson, P.S. Intraprostatic androgens and androgen-regulated gene expression persist after testosterone suppression: therapeutic implications for castration-resistant prostate cancer. Cancer Res., 2007, 67(10), 5033-5041.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-06-3332] [PMID: 17510436]

Locke, J.A.; Guns, E.S.; Lubik, A.A.; Adomat, H.H.; Hendy, S.C.; Wood, C.A.; Ettinger, S.L.; Gleave, M.E.; Nelson, C.C. Androgen levels increase by intratumoral de novo steroidogenesis during progression of castration-resistant prostate cancer. Cancer Res., 2008, 68(15), 6407-6415.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-07-5997] [PMID: 18676866]

Dillard, P.R.; Lin, M.F.; Khan, S.A. Androgen-independent prostate cancer cells acquire the complete steroidogenic potential of synthesizing testosterone from cholesterol. Mol. Cell. Endocrinol., 2008, 295(1-2), 115-120.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mce.2008.08.013] [PMID: 18782595]

Griffiths, M.; Keast, D.; Crawford, M.; Palmer, T.N.; Patrick, G. The role of glutamine and glucose analogues in metabolic inhibition of human myeloid leukaemia in vitro. Int. J. Biochem., 1993, 25(12), 1749-1755.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0020-711X(88)90303-5] [PMID: 8138012]

Meijer, T.W.H.; Peeters, W.J.M.; Dubois, L.J.; van Gisbergen, M.W.; Biemans, R.; Venhuizen, J.H.; Span, P.N.; Bussink, J. Targeting glucose and glutamine metabolism combined with radiation therapy in non-small cell lung cancer. Lung Cancer, 2018, 126, 32-40.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.lungcan.2018.10.016] [PMID: 30527190]

Sun, L.; Yin, Y.; Clark, L.H.; Sun, W.; Sullivan, S.A.; Tran, A.Q.; Han, J.; Zhang, L.; Guo, H.; Madugu, E.; Pan, T.; Jackson, A.L.; Kilgore, J.; Jones, H.M.; Gilliam, T.P.; Zhou, C.; Bae-Jump, V.L. Dual inhibition of glycolysis and glutaminolysis as a therapeutic strategy in the treatment of ovarian cancer. Oncotarget, 2017, 8(38), 63551-63561.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.18632/oncotarget.18854] [PMID: 28969010]

Wu, H.; Li, Z.; Yang, P.; Zhang, L.; Fan, Y.; Li, Z. PKM2 depletion induces the compensation of glutaminolysis through β-catenin/c-Myc pathway in tumor cells. Cell. Signal., 2014, 26(11), 2397-2405.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cellsig.2014.07.024] [PMID: 25041845]

Schlaepfer, I.R.; Glodé, L.M.; Hitz, C.A.; Pac, C.T.; Boyle, K.E.; Maroni, P.; Deep, G.; Agarwal, R.; Lucia, S.M.; Cramer, S.D.; Serkova, N.J.; Eckel, R.H. Inhibition of lipid oxidation increases glucose metabolism and enhances 2-Deoxy-2-[18F]Fluoro-d-glucose uptake in prostate cancer mouse xenografts. Mol. Imaging Biol., 2015, 17(4), 529-538.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11307-014-0814-4] [PMID: 25561013]

Cardoso, H.J.; Figueira, M.I.; Vaz, C.V.; Carvalho, T.M.A.; Brás, L.A.; Madureira, P.A.; Oliveira, P.J.; Sardão, V.A.; Socorro, S. Glutaminolysis is a metabolic route essential for survival and growth of prostate cancer cells and a target of 5α-dihydrotestosterone regulation. Cell Oncol., 2021, 44(2), 385-403.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13402-020-00575-9] [PMID: 33464483]

Cervantes-Madrid, D.; Dominguez-Gomez, G.; Gonzalez-Fierro, A.; Perez-Cardenas, E.; Taja-Chayeb, L.; Trejo-Becerril, C.; Duenas-Gonzalez, A. Feasibility and antitumor efficacy in vivo, of simultaneously targeting glycolysis, glutaminolysis and fatty acid synthesis using lonidamine, 6-diazo-5-oxo-L-norleucine and orlistat in colon cancer. Oncol. Lett., 2017, 13(3), 1905-1910.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3892/ol.2017.5615] [PMID: 28454342]

Kendir, C.; van den Akker, M.; Vos, R.; Metsemakers, J. Cardiovascular disease patients have increased risk for comorbidity: A cross-sectional study in the Netherlands. Eur. J. Gen. Pract., 2018, 24(1), 45-50.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13814788.2017.1398318] [PMID: 29168400]

Singh, S.; Karthikeyan, C.; Moorthy, N.S.H.N. Recent advances in the development of fatty acid synthase inhibitors as anticancer agents. Mini Rev. Med. Chem., 2020, 20(18), 1820-1837.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1389557520666200811100845] [PMID: 32781957]

Fako, V.E.; Wu, X.; Pflug, B.; Liu, J.Y.; Zhang, J.T. Repositioning proton pump inhibitors as anticancer drugs by targeting the thioesterase domain of human fatty acid synthase. J. Med. Chem., 2015, 58(2), 778-784.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jm501543u] [PMID: 25513712]

Fitton, A.; Wiseman, L. Pantoprazole. Drugs, 1996, 51(3), 460-482.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2165/00003495-199651030-00012] [PMID: 8882382]

Patel, K.J.; Lee, C.; Tan, Q.; Tannock, I.F. Use of the proton pump inhibitor pantoprazole to modify the distribution and activity of doxorubicin: A potential strategy to improve the therapy of solid tumors. Clin. Cancer Res., 2013, 19(24), 6766-6776.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-13-0128] [PMID: 24141627]

Brana, I.; Ocana, A.; Chen, E.X.; Razak, A.R.A.; Haines, C.; Lee, C.; Douglas, S.; Wang, L.; Siu, L.L.; Tannock, I.F.; Bedard, P.L. A phase I trial of pantoprazole in combination with doxorubicin in patients with advanced solid tumors: evaluation of pharmacokinetics of both drugs and tissue penetration of doxorubicin. Invest. New Drugs, 2014, 32(6), 1269-1277.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10637-014-0159-5] [PMID: 25213162]

Tan, Q.; Joshua, A.M.; Saggar, J.K.; Yu, M.; Wang, M.; Kanga, N.; Zhang, J.Y.; Chen, X.; Wouters, B.G.; Tannock, I.F. Effect of pantoprazole to enhance activity of docetaxel against human tumour xenografts by inhibiting autophagy. Br. J. Cancer, 2015, 112(5), 832-840.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/bjc.2015.17] [PMID: 25647012]

Hansen, A.R.; Tannock, I.F.; Templeton, A.; Chen, E.; Evans, A.; Knox, J.; Prawira, A.; Sridhar, S.S.; Tan, S.; Vera-Badillo, F.; Wang, L.; Wouters, B.G.; Joshua, A.M. Pantoprazole affecting docetaxel resistance pathways via autophagy (PANDORA): Phase II trial of high dose pantoprazole (Autophagy Inhibitor) with docetaxel in metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC). Oncologist, 2019, 24(9), 1188-1194.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1634/theoncologist.2018-0621] [PMID: 30952818]

Li, Z.; He, P.; Long, Y.; Yuan, G.; Shen, W.; Chen, Z.; Zhang, B.; Wang, Y.; Yue, D.; Seidl, C.; Zhang, X. Drug repurposing of pantoprazole and vitamin C targeting tumor microenvironment conditions improves anticancer effect in metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer. Front. Oncol., 2021, 11, 660320.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fonc.2021.660320] [PMID: 34307134]

Kochuparambil, S.T.; Al-Husein, B.; Goc, A.; Soliman, S.; Somanath, P.R. Anticancer efficacy of simvastatin on prostate cancer cells and tumor xenografts is associated with inhibition of Akt and reduced prostate-specific antigen expression. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther., 2011, 336(2), 496-505.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1124/jpet.110.174870] [PMID: 21059805]

Park, Y.H.; Seo, S.Y.; Lee, E.; Ku, J.H.; Kim, H.H.; Kwak, C. Simvastatin induces apoptosis in castrate resistant prostate cancer cells by deregulating nuclear factor-κB pathway. J. Urol., 2013, 189(4), 1547-1552.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.juro.2012.10.030] [PMID: 23085058]

Goc, A.; Kochuparambil, S.T.; Al-Husein, B.; Al-Azayzih, A.; Mohammad, S.; Somanath, P.R. Simultaneous modulation of the intrinsic and extrinsic pathways by simvastatin in mediating prostate cancer cell apoptosis. BMC Cancer, 2012, 12(1), 409.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1471-2407-12-409] [PMID: 22974127]

Oliveira, K.A.P.; Zecchin, K.G.; Alberici, L.C.; Castilho, R.F.; Vercesi, A.E. Simvastatin inducing PC3 prostate cancer cell necrosis mediated by calcineurin and mitochondrial dysfunction. J. Bioenerg. Biomembr., 2008, 40(4), 307-314.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10863-008-9155-9] [PMID: 18679777]

Sekine, Y.; Furuya, Y.; Nishii, M.; Koike, H.; Matsui, H.; Suzuki, K. Simvastatin inhibits the proliferation of human prostate cancer PC-3 cells via down-regulation of the insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., 2008, 372(2), 356-361.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bbrc.2008.05.043] [PMID: 18489904]

Furuya, Y.; Sekine, Y.; Kato, H.; Miyazawa, Y.; Koike, H.; Suzuki, K. Low-density lipoprotein receptors play an important role in the inhibition of prostate cancer cell proliferation by statins. Prostate Int., 2016, 4(2), 56-60.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.prnil.2016.02.003] [PMID: 27358845]

Murtola, T.J.; Pennanen, P.; Syvälä, H.; Bläuer, M.; Ylikomi, T.; Tammela, T.L.J. Effects of simvastatin, acetylsalicylic acid, and rosiglitazone on proliferation of normal and cancerous prostate epithelial cells at therapeutic concentrations. Prostate, 2009, 69(9), 1017-1023.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pros.20951] [PMID: 19301305]

Iannelli, F.; Roca, M.S.; Lombardi, R.; Ciardiello, C.; Grumetti, L.; De Rienzo, S.; Moccia, T.; Vitagliano, C.; Sorice, A.; Costantini, S.; Milone, M.R.; Pucci, B.; Leone, A.; Di Gennaro, E.; Mancini, R.; Ciliberto, G.; Bruzzese, F.; Budillon, A. Synergistic antitumor interaction of valproic acid and simvastatin sensitizes prostate cancer to docetaxel by targeting CSCs compartment via YAP inhibition. J. Exp. Clin. Cancer Res., 2020, 39(1), 213.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s13046-020-01723-7] [PMID: 33032653]

Gordon, J.A.; Midha, A.; Szeitz, A.; Ghaffari, M.; Adomat, H.H.; Guo, Y.; Klassen, T.L.; Guns, E.S.; Wasan, K.M.; Cox, M.E. Oral simvastatin administration delays castration-resistant progression and reduces intratumoral steroidogenesis of LNCaP prostate cancer xenografts. Prostate Cancer Prostatic Dis., 2016, 19(1), 21-27.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/pcan.2015.37] [PMID: 26238234]

Thysell, E.; Surowiec, I.; Hörnberg, E.; Crnalic, S.; Widmark, A.; Johansson, A.I.; Stattin, P.; Bergh, A.; Moritz, T.; Antti, H.; Wikström, P. Metabolomic characterization of human prostate cancer bone metastases reveals increased levels of cholesterol. PLoS One, 2010, 5(12), e14175.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0014175] [PMID: 21151972]

Nordstrand, A.; Lundholm, M.; Larsson, A.; Lerner, U.H.; Widmark, A.; Wikström, P. Inhibition of the insulin-like growth factor-1 receptor enhances effects of simvastatin on prostate cancer cells in co-culture with bone. Cancer Microenviron., 2013, 6(3), 231-240.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12307-013-0129-z] [PMID: 23335094]

Murtola, T.J.; Syvälä, H.; Tolonen, T.; Helminen, M.; Riikonen, J.; Koskimäki, J.; Pakarainen, T.; Kaipia, A.; Isotalo, T.; Kujala, P.; Tammela, T.L.J. Atorvastatin versus placebo for prostate cancer before radical prostatectomy-a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial. Eur. Urol., 2018, 74(6), 697-701.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eururo.2018.06.037] [PMID: 30031572]

Knuuttila, E.; Riikonen, J.; Syvälä, H.; Auriola, S.; Murtola, T.J. Access and concentrations of atorvastatin in the prostate in men with prostate cancer. Prostate, 2019, 79(12), 1427-1434.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pros.23863] [PMID: 31231865]

Allott, E.H.; Csizmadi, I.; Howard, L.E.; Muller, R.L.; Moreira, D.M.; Andriole, G.L.; Roehrborn, C.G.; Freedland, S.J. Statin use and longitudinal changes in prostate volume; results from the REduction by DUtasteride of prostate Cancer Events (REDUCE) trial. BJU Int., 2020, 125(2), 226-233.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/bju.14905] [PMID: 31479563]

Hamilton, R.J.; Ding, K.; Crook, J.M.; O’Callaghan, C.J.; Higano, C.S.; Dearnaley, D.P.; Horwitz, E.M.; Goldenberg, S.L.; Gospodarowicz, M.K.; Klotz, L. The association between statin use and outcomes in patients initiating androgen deprivation therapy. Eur Urol., 2021, 79(2021), 446-452.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eururo.2020.12.031]

Peltomaa, A.I.; Raittinen, P.; Talala, K.; Taari, K.; Tammela, T.L.J.; Auvinen, A.; Murtola, T.J. Prostate cancer prognosis after initiation of androgen deprivation therapy among statin users. A population-based cohort study. Prostate Cancer Prostatic Dis., 2021, 24(3), 917-924.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41391-021-00351-2] [PMID: 33790420]

Moon, S.J.; Lee, S.; Jang, K.; Yu, K.S.; Yim, S.V.; Kim, B.H. Comparative pharmacokinetic and tolerability evaluation of two simvastatin 20 mg formulations in healthy Korean male volunteers. Transl. Clin. Pharmacol., 2017, 25(1), 10-14.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.12793/tcp.2017.25.1.10] [PMID: 32095453]

Rupp, H.; Zarain-Herzberg, A. Therapeutic potential of CPT I inhibitors: cardiac gene transcription as a target. Expert Opin. Investig. Drugs, 2002, 11(3), 345-356.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1517/13543784.11.3.345] [PMID: 11866664]

Chong, C.R.; Sallustio, B.; Horowitz, J.D. Drugs that affect cardiac metabolism: Focus on perhexiline. Cardiovasc. Drugs Ther., 2016, 30(4), 399-405.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10557-016-6664-3] [PMID: 27106834]

Liu, Z.; Wang, D.; Liu, D.; Liu, J.; Zhou, G. Trimetazidine protects against LPS-induced acute lung injury through mTOR/SGK1 pathway. Int. J. Clin. Exp. Med., 2016, 9, 13950-13957.

Singh, D.; Chander, V.; Chopra, K. Carvedilol and trimetazidine attenuates ferric nitrilotriacetate-induced oxidative renal injury in rats. Toxicology, 2003, 191(2-3), 143-151.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0300-483X(03)00259-2] [PMID: 12965117]

Tikhaze, A.K.; Lankin, V.Z.; Zharova, E.A.; Kolycheva, S.V. Trimetazidine as indirect antioxidant. Bull. Exp. Biol. Med., 2000, 130(10), 951-953.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1002801504611] [PMID: 11177290]

Lestuzzi, C.; Crivellari, D.; Rigo, F.; Viel, E.; Meneguzzo, N. Capecitabine cardiac toxicity presenting as effort angina: A case report. J. Cardiovasc. Med., 2010, 11(9), 700-703.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2459/JCM.0b013e328332e873] [PMID: 20093950]

Tallarico, D.; Rizzo, V.; di Maio, F.; Petretto, F.; Bianco, G.; Placanica, G.; Marziali, M.; Paravati, V.; Gueli, N.; Meloni, F.; Campbell, S.V. Myocardial cytoprotection by trimetazidine against anthracycline-induced cardiotoxicity in anticancer chemotherapy. Angiology, 2003, 54(2), 219-227.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/000331970305400212] [PMID: 12678198]

Ferraro, E.; Pin, F.; Gorini, S.; Pontecorvo, L.; Ferri, A.; Mollace, V.; Costelli, P.; Rosano, G. Improvement of skeletal muscle performance in ageing by the metabolic modulator Trimetazidine. J. Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle, 2016, 7(4), 449-457.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jcsm.12097] [PMID: 27239426]

Gatta, L.; Vitiello, L.; Gorini, S.; Chiandotto, S.; Costelli, P.; Giammarioli, A.M.; Malorni, W.; Rosano, G.; Ferraro, E. Modulating the metabolism by trimetazidine enhances myoblast differentiation and promotes myogenesis in cachectic tumor-bearing c26 mice. Oncotarget, 2017, 8(69), 113938-113956.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.18632/oncotarget.23044] [PMID: 29371959]

Molinari, F.; Pin, F.; Gorini, S.; Chiandotto, S.; Pontecorvo, L.; Penna, F.; Rizzuto, E.; Pisu, S.; Musarò, A.; Costelli, P.; Rosano, G.; Ferraro, E. The mitochondrial metabolic reprogramming agent trimetazidine as an ‘exercise mimetic’ in cachectic C26-bearing mice. J. Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle, 2017, 8(6), 954-973.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jcsm.12226] [PMID: 29130633]

Andela, V.B.; Altuwaijri, S.; Wood, J.; Rosier, R.N. Inhibition of β-oxidative respiration is a therapeutic window associated with the cancer chemo-preventive activity of PPARγ agonists. FEBS Lett., 2005, 579(7), 1765-1769.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.febslet.2005.01.082] [PMID: 15757673]

Halama, A.; Kulinski, M.; Dib, S.S.; Zaghlool, S.B.; Siveen, K.S.; Iskandarani, A.; Zierer, J.; Prabhu, K.S.; Satheesh, N.J.; Bhagwat, A.M.; Uddin, S.; Kastenmüller, G.; Elemento, O.; Gross, S.S.; Suhre, K. Accelerated lipid catabolism and autophagy are cancer survival mechanisms under inhibited glutaminolysis. Cancer Lett., 2018, 430, 133-147.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.canlet.2018.05.017] [PMID: 29777783]

Lee, J.S.; Oh, S.J.; Choi, H.J.; Kang, J.H.; Lee, S.H.; Ha, J.S.; Woo, S.M.; Jang, H.; Lee, H.; Kim, S.Y. ATP production relies on fatty acid oxidation rather than glycolysis in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. Cancers, 2020, 12(9), 2477.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cancers12092477] [PMID: 32882923]

Atlı Şekeroğlu, Z.; Şekeroğlu, V.; Işık, S.; Aydın, B. Trimetazidine alone or in combination with gemcitabine and/or abraxane decreased cell viability, migration and ATP levels and induced apoptosis of human pancreatic cells. Clin. Res. Hepatol. Gastroenterol., 2021, 45(6), 101632.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.clinre.2021.101632] [PMID: 33662778]

Amoedo, N.D.; Sarlak, S.; Obre, E.; Esteves, P.; Bégueret, H.; Kieffer, Y.; Rousseau, B.; Dupis, A.; Izotte, J.; Bellance, N.; Dard, L.; Redonnet-Vernhet, I.; Punzi, G.; Rodrigues, M.F.; Dumon, E.; Mafhouf, W.; Guyonnet-Dupérat, V.; Gales, L.; Palama, T.; Bellvert, F.; Dugot-Senan, N.; Claverol, S.; Baste, J.M.; Lacombe, D.; Rezvani, H.R.; Pierri, C.L.; Mechta-Grigoriou, F.; Thumerel, M.; Rossignol, R. Targeting the mitochondrial trifunctional protein restrains tumor growth in oxidative lung carcinomas. J. Clin. Invest., 2021, 131(1), e133081.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1172/JCI133081] [PMID: 33393495]

Nenchev, N.; Skopek, J.; Arora, D.; Samad, A.; Kaplan, S.; Domahidy, M.; Voogd, H.; Böhmert, S.; Ramos, R.S.; Jain, S. Effect of age and renal impairment on the pharmacokinetics and safety of trimetazidine: An open-label multiple-dose study. Drug Dev. Res., 2020, 81(5), 564-572.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ddr.21654] [PMID: 32128844]

Strebhardt, K.; Ullrich, A. Paul Ehrlich’s magic bullet concept: 100 years of progress. Nat. Rev. Cancer, 2008, 8(6), 473-480.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrc2394] [PMID: 18469827]

Medina-Franco, J.L.; Giulianotti, M.A.; Welmaker, G.S.; Houghten, R.A. Shifting from the single to the multitarget paradigm in drug discovery. Drug Discov. Today, 2013, 18(9-10), 495-501.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.drudis.2013.01.008] [PMID: 23340113]

Turanli, B.; Zhang, C.; Kim, W.; Benfeitas, R.; Uhlen, M.; Arga, K.Y.; Mardinoglu, A. Discovery of therapeutic agents for prostate cancer using genome-scale metabolic modeling and drug repositioning. EBioMedicine, 2019, 42, 386-396.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ebiom.2019.03.009] [PMID: 30905848]

Yang, Y.; Mamouni, K.; Li, X.; Chen, Y.; Kavuri, S.; Du, Y.; Fu, H.; Kucuk, O.; Wu, D. Repositioning dopamine D2 receptor agonist bromocriptine to enhance docetaxel chemotherapy and treat bone metastatic prostate cancer. Mol. Cancer Ther., 2018, 17(9), 1859-1870.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/1535-7163.MCT-17-1176] [PMID: 29907594]

Wang, M.; Shim, J.S.; Li, R.J.; Dang, Y.; He, Q.; Das, M.; Liu, J.O. Identification of an old antibiotic clofoctol as a novel activator of unfolded protein response pathways and an inhibitor of prostate cancer. Br. J. Pharmacol., 2014, 171(19), 4478-4489.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/bph.12800] [PMID: 24903412]

Gayvert, K.M.; Dardenne, E.; Cheung, C.; Boland, M.R.; Lorberbaum, T.; Wanjala, J.; Chen, Y.; Rubin, M.A.; Tatonetti, N.P.; Rickman, D.S.; Elemento, O. A computational drug repositioning approach for targeting oncogenic transcription factors. Cell Rep., 2016, 15(11), 2348-2356.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.celrep.2016.05.037] [PMID: 27264179]

Platz, E.A.; Yegnasubramanian, S.; Liu, J.O.; Chong, C.R.; Shim, J.S.; Kenfield, S.A.; Stampfer, M.J.; Willett, W.C.; Giovannucci, E.; Nelson, W.G. A novel two-stage, transdisciplinary study identifies digoxin as a possible drug for prostate cancer treatment. Cancer Discov., 2011, 1(1), 68-77.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/2159-8274.CD-10-0020] [PMID: 22140654]

Lu, C.; Li, X.; Ren, Y.; Zhang, X. Disulfiram: A novel repurposed drug for cancer therapy. Cancer Chemother. Pharmacol., 2021, 87(2), 159-172.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00280-020-04216-8] [PMID: 33426580]

Kondratskyi, A.; Kondratska, K.; Vanden Abeele, F.; Gordienko, D.; Dubois, C.; Toillon, R.A.; Slomianny, C.; Lemière, S.; Delcourt, P.; Dewailly, E.; Skryma, R.; Biot, C.; Prevarskaya, N. Ferroquine, the next generation antimalarial drug, has antitumor activity. Sci. Rep., 2017, 7(1), 15896.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-16154-2] [PMID: 29162859]

Elhasasna, H.; Khan, R.; Bhanumathy, K.K.; Vizeacoumar, F.S.; Walke, P.; Bautista, M.; Dahiya, D.K.; Maranda, V.; Patel, H.; Balagopal, A.; Alli, N.; Krishnan, A.; Freywald, A.; Vizeacoumar, F.J. A drug repurposing screen identifies fludarabine phosphate as a potential therapeutic agent for N-MYC overexpressing neuroendocrine prostate cancers. Cells, 2022, 11(14), 2246.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cells11142246] [PMID: 35883689]

Qi, C.; Bin Li; Yang, Y.; Yang, Y.; Li, J.; Zhou, Q.; Wen, Y.; Zeng, C.; Zheng, L.; Zhang, Q.; Li, J.; He, X.; Zhou, J.; Shao, C.; Wang, L. Glipizide suppresses prostate cancer progression in the TRAMP model by inhibiting angiogenesis. Sci. Rep., 2016, 6(1), 27819.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/srep27819] [PMID: 27292155]

Tsubamoto, H.; Ueda, T.; Inoue, K.; Sakata, K.; Shibahara, H.; Sonoda, T. Repurposing itraconazole as an anticancer agent. Oncol. Lett., 2017, 14(2), 1240-1246.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3892/ol.2017.6325] [PMID: 28789339]

Sulsenti, R.; Frossi, B.; Bongiovanni, L.; Cancila, V.; Ostano, P.; Fischetti, I.; Enriquez, C.; Guana, F.; Chiorino, G.; Tripodo, C.; Pucillo, C.E.; Colombo, M.P.; Jachetti, E. Repurposing of the antiepileptic drug levetiracetam to restrain neuroendocrine prostate cancer and inhibit mast cell support to adenocarcinoma. Front. Immunol., 2021, 12, 622001.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2021.622001] [PMID: 33737929]

Rushworth, L.K.; Hewit, K.; Munnings-Tomes, S.; Somani, S.; James, D.; Shanks, E.; Dufès, C.; Straube, A.; Patel, R.; Leung, H.Y. Repurposing screen identifies mebendazole as a clinical candidate to synergise with docetaxel for prostate cancer treatment. Br. J. Cancer, 2020, 122(4), 517-527.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41416-019-0681-5] [PMID: 31844184]

Albayrak, G.; Konac, E.; Dikmen, A.U.; Bilen, C.Y. Memantine induces apoptosis and inhibits cell cycle progression in LNCaP prostate cancer cells. Hum. Exp. Toxicol., 2018, 37(9), 953-958.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0960327117747025] [PMID: 29226720]

Gillessen, S.; Gilson, C.; James, N.; Adler, A.; Sydes, M.R.; Clarke, N. Repurposing metformin as therapy for prostate cancer within the STAMPEDE trial platform. Eur. Urol., 2016, 70(6), 906-908.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eururo.2016.07.015] [PMID: 27450106]

Iwamoto, Y.; Ishii, K.; Kanda, H.; Kato, M.; Miki, M.; Kajiwara, S.; Arima, K.; Shiraishi, T.; Sugimura, Y. Combination treatment with naftopidil increases the efficacy of radiotherapy in PC-3 human prostate cancer cells. J. Cancer Res. Clin. Oncol., 2017, 143(6), 933-939.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00432-017-2367-9] [PMID: 28243746]

Florent, R.; Poulain, L.; N’Diaye, M. Drug repositioning of the α₁-adrenergic receptor antagonist naftopidil: A potential new anti-cancer drug? Int. J. Mol. Sci., 2020, 21(15), 5339.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms21155339] [PMID: 32727149]

Guan, M.; Su, L.; Yuan, Y.C.; Li, H.; Chow, W.A. Nelfinavir and nelfinavir analogs block site-2 protease cleavage to inhibit castration-resistant prostate cancer. Sci. Rep., 2015, 5(1), 9698.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/srep09698] [PMID: 25880275]

Lu, W.; Lin, C.; Roberts, M.J.; Waud, W.R.; Piazza, G.A.; Li, Y. Niclosamide suppresses cancer cell growth by inducing Wnt co-receptor LRP6 degradation and inhibiting the Wnt/β-catenin pathway. PLoS One, 2011, 6(12), e29290.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0029290] [PMID: 22195040]

Chang, W.L.; Hsu, L.C.; Leu, W.J.; Chen, C.S.; Guh, J.H. Repurposing of nitroxoline as a potential anticancer agent against human prostate cancer - a crucial role on AMPK/mTOR signaling pathway and the interplay with Chk2 activation. Oncotarget, 2015, 6(37), 39806-39820.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.18632/oncotarget.5655] [PMID: 26447757]

Hafeez, B.B.; Ganju, A.; Sikander, M.; Kashyap, V.K.; Hafeez, Z.B.; Chauhan, N.; Malik, S.; Massey, A.E.; Tripathi, M.K.; Halaweish, F.T.; Zafar, N.; Singh, M.M.; Yallapu, M.M.; Chauhan, S.C.; Jaggi, M. Ormeloxifene suppresses prostate tumor growth and metastatic phenotypes via inhibition of oncogenic β-catenin signaling and EMT progression. Mol. Cancer Ther., 2017, 16(10), 2267-2280.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/1535-7163.MCT-17-0157] [PMID: 28615299]

Ho, C.H.; Hsu, J.L.; Liu, S.P.; Hsu, L.C.; Chang, W.L.; Chao, C.C.K.; Guh, J.H. Repurposing of phentolamine as a potential anticancer agent against human castration-resistant prostate cancer: A central role on microtubule stabilization and mitochondrial apoptosis pathway. Prostate, 2015, 75(13), 1454-1466.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pros.23033] [PMID: 26180030]

Shaw, V.; Srivastava, S.; Srivastava, S.K. Repurposing antipsychotics of the diphenylbutylpiperidine class for cancer therapy. Semin. Cancer Biol., 2021, 68, 75-83.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.semcancer.2019.10.007] [PMID: 31618686]

Dilly, S.J.; Clark, A.J.; Marsh, A.; Mitchell, D.A.; Cain, R.; Fishwick, C.W.G.; Taylor, P.C. A chemical genomics approach to drug reprofiling in oncology: Antipsychotic drug risperidone as a potential adenocarcinoma treatment. Cancer Lett., 2017, 393, 16-21.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.canlet.2017.01.042] [PMID: 28188816]

Sadowski, M.C.; Pouwer, R.H.; Gunter, J.H.; Lubik, A.A.; Quinn, R.J.; Nelson, C.C. The fatty acid synthase inhibitor triclosan: repurposing an anti-microbial agent for targeting prostate cancer. Oncotarget, 2014, 5(19), 9362-9381.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.18632/oncotarget.2433] [PMID: 25313139]

Turanli, B.; Gulfidan, G.; Arga, K.Y. Transcriptomic-guided drug repositioning supported by a new bioinformatics search tool: geneXpharma. OMICS, 2017, 21(10), 584-591.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/omi.2017.0127] [PMID: 29049014]