![conference banner](/images/conference-banner.jpeg)
Abstract
Three major cytokines, namely, tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α), interleukin (IL)-1, and IL-6 are produced by cultured brain cells after various stimuli such as ischemia. Neurones, astrocytes, microglia and oligodendrocytes can produce inflammatory mediators, and cytokine receptors are expressed constitutionally throughout the Central Nervous System (CNS), albeit at low levels. Cytokines are involved in virtually every facet of stroke and they have numerous proinflammatory and pro-coagulant effects on endothelium. TNF-α expression after stroke stimulates expression of tissue factor and adhesion molecules for leukocytes, release of interleukin-1 (IL-1), nitric oxide, factor VIII/von Willebrand factor, platelet-activating factor and endothelin, suppression of the thrombomodulin-protein C-protein S system, reduction of tissue-plasminogen activator and release of plasminogen activator inhibitor-1. Research into the actions of IL-1β in the brain initially focused on its role in host defence responses to systemic disease. IL-1β can also elicit an array of responses which could either inhibit, exacerbate or induce neuronal damage and death. IL-6 can be induced by a variety of molecules including IL-1, TNF-α, transforming growth factor-β and prostaglandins (PGs), and many other mediators such as b-amyloid, interferon-g (IFNg) and IL-4 can potentiate these primary inducers, highlighting the complex nature of IL-6 modulation. Several studies reported that plasma levels of TNF-α and IL-6 are associated with prognosis after ischemic stroke and our group showed that plasma levels of cytokines such as TNF-α, IL-1β are different in every diagnostic subtype of ischemic stroke, and how plasma levels of some immunoinflammatory markers and thrombotic-phybrinolitic markers are predictive of acute ischemic stroke diagnosis in the acute setting.
Keywords: Ischemic Stroke, cytokines, tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α), Neurones, astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, Central Nervous System (CNS)
Current Pharmaceutical Design
Title: Inflammatory Cytokines in Acute Ischemic Stroke
Volume: 14 Issue: 33
Author(s): Antonino Tuttolomondo, Domenico Di Raimondo, Riccardo di Sciacca, Antonio Pinto and Giuseppe Licata
Affiliation:
Keywords: Ischemic Stroke, cytokines, tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α), Neurones, astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, Central Nervous System (CNS)
Abstract: Three major cytokines, namely, tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α), interleukin (IL)-1, and IL-6 are produced by cultured brain cells after various stimuli such as ischemia. Neurones, astrocytes, microglia and oligodendrocytes can produce inflammatory mediators, and cytokine receptors are expressed constitutionally throughout the Central Nervous System (CNS), albeit at low levels. Cytokines are involved in virtually every facet of stroke and they have numerous proinflammatory and pro-coagulant effects on endothelium. TNF-α expression after stroke stimulates expression of tissue factor and adhesion molecules for leukocytes, release of interleukin-1 (IL-1), nitric oxide, factor VIII/von Willebrand factor, platelet-activating factor and endothelin, suppression of the thrombomodulin-protein C-protein S system, reduction of tissue-plasminogen activator and release of plasminogen activator inhibitor-1. Research into the actions of IL-1β in the brain initially focused on its role in host defence responses to systemic disease. IL-1β can also elicit an array of responses which could either inhibit, exacerbate or induce neuronal damage and death. IL-6 can be induced by a variety of molecules including IL-1, TNF-α, transforming growth factor-β and prostaglandins (PGs), and many other mediators such as b-amyloid, interferon-g (IFNg) and IL-4 can potentiate these primary inducers, highlighting the complex nature of IL-6 modulation. Several studies reported that plasma levels of TNF-α and IL-6 are associated with prognosis after ischemic stroke and our group showed that plasma levels of cytokines such as TNF-α, IL-1β are different in every diagnostic subtype of ischemic stroke, and how plasma levels of some immunoinflammatory markers and thrombotic-phybrinolitic markers are predictive of acute ischemic stroke diagnosis in the acute setting.
Export Options
About this article
Cite this article as:
Tuttolomondo Antonino, Di Raimondo Domenico, di Sciacca Riccardo, Pinto Antonio and Licata Giuseppe, Inflammatory Cytokines in Acute Ischemic Stroke, Current Pharmaceutical Design 2008; 14 (33) . https://dx.doi.org/10.2174/138161208786848739
DOI https://dx.doi.org/10.2174/138161208786848739 |
Print ISSN 1381-6128 |
Publisher Name Bentham Science Publisher |
Online ISSN 1873-4286 |
Call for Papers in Thematic Issues
Blood-based biomarkers in large-scale screening for neurodegenerative diseases
Disease biomarkers are necessary tools that can be employ in several clinical context of use (COU), ranging from the (early) diagnosis, prognosis, prediction, to monitor of disease state and/or drug efficacy. Regarding neurodegenerative diseases, in particular Alzheimer’s disease (AD), a battery of well-validated biomarkers are available, such as cerebrospinal fluid ...read more
Current Pharmaceutical challenges in the treatment and diagnosis of neurological dysfunctions
Neurological dysfunctions (MND, ALS, MS, PD, AD, HD, ALS, Autism, OCD etc..) present significant challenges in both diagnosis and treatment, often necessitating innovative approaches and therapeutic interventions. This thematic issue aims to explore the current pharmaceutical landscape surrounding neurological disorders, shedding light on the challenges faced by researchers, clinicians, and ...read more
Diabetes mellitus: advances in diagnosis and treatment driving by precision medicine
Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a chronic degenerative metabolic disease with ever increasing prevalence worldwide which is now an epidemic disease affecting 500 million people worldwide. Insufficient insulin secretion from pancreatic β cells unable to maintain blood glucose homeostasis is the main feature of this disease. Multifactorial and complex nature of ...read more
Emerging and re-emerging diseases
Faced with a possible endemic situation of COVID-19, the world has experienced two important phenomena, the emergence of new infectious diseases and/or the resurgence of previously eradicated infectious diseases. Furthermore, the geographic distribution of such diseases has also undergone changes. This context, in turn, may have a strong relationship with ...read more
![Wayfinder Image](/images/wayfinder.jpg)
- Author Guidelines
- Graphical Abstracts
- Fabricating and Stating False Information
- Research Misconduct
- Post Publication Discussions and Corrections
- Publishing Ethics and Rectitude
- Increase Visibility of Your Article
- Archiving Policies
- Peer Review Workflow
- Order Your Article Before Print
- Promote Your Article
- Manuscript Transfer Facility
- Editorial Policies
- Allegations from Whistleblowers
- Announcements
Related Articles
-
The Tortuous Road to an Ideal CGRP Function Blocker for the Treatment of Migraine
Current Topics in Medicinal Chemistry Critical Issues for Successful Immunotherapy in Alzheimers Disease: Development of Biomarkers and Methods for Early Detection and Intervention
CNS & Neurological Disorders - Drug Targets Adolescents Attitudes Toward Vaccinations: A Systematic Review
Current Pediatric Reviews Evaluating a Child with Partial Developmental Delay (ParDD), Global Developmental Delay (GDD)/Mental Retardation (MR): Clinical Expertise Based or Evidence-Based?
Current Pediatric Reviews Ecological Infectomics (Ecoinfectomics): Symbiotic Solutions to Microbial Infections
Anti-Infective Agents Isoflurane Facilitates Synaptic NMDA Receptor Endocytosis in Mice Primary Neurons
Current Molecular Medicine High Contrast and Resolution Labeling of Amyloid Plaques in Tissue Sections from APP-PS1 Mice and Humans with Alzheimer’s Disease with the Zinc Chelator HQ-O: Practical and Theoretical Considerations
Current Alzheimer Research Adverse Reactions Induced by Minocycline: A Review of Literature
Current Drug Safety Adenovirus Mediated Herpes Simplex Virus-Thymidine Kinase/Ganciclovir Gene Therapy for Resectable Malignant Glioma
Current Gene Therapy Involvement of Rat Hippocampal Astrocytes in β-Amyloid-Induced Angiogenesis and Neuroinflammation
Current Alzheimer Research A Potential Andrographolide Analogue against the Replication of Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1 in Vero Cells
Medicinal Chemistry Dendrimers and Dendritic Polymers as Anti-infective Agents: New Antimicrobial Strategies for Therapeutic Drugs
Anti-Infective Agents in Medicinal Chemistry Experimental Approaches Towards Allergic Asthma Therapy-Murine Asthma Models
Recent Patents on Inflammation & Allergy Drug Discovery Natural Products and their (Semi-)Synthetic Forms in the Treatment of Migraine: History and Current Status
Current Medicinal Chemistry New Approaches in the Management of Septic Shock
Current Medicinal Chemistry - Immunology, Endocrine & Metabolic Agents Comparative Antimicrobial Activity of Ceftazidime, Tobramycin and their Novel Fixed Dose Combination in Some Pathogenic Microorganisms
Current Drug Therapy Update on Childhood Brucellosis
Recent Patents on Anti-Infective Drug Discovery Tuberculosis: An Update on Pathophysiology, Molecular Mechanisms of Drug Resistance, Newer Anti-TB Drugs, Treatment Regimens and Host- Directed Therapies
Current Topics in Medicinal Chemistry Immune Functions of Glia and Neurons in the Central Nervous System
Current Immunology Reviews (Discontinued) Heat Shock Proteins And Neuroprotection
Recent Patents on DNA & Gene Sequences