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Current Medicinal Chemistry

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ISSN (Online): 1875-533X

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Review Article

Structure-Activity Relationships and Therapeutic Potential of Purinergic P2X7 Receptor Antagonists

Author(s): Imane Ghafir El Idrissi, Sabina Podlewska, Carmen Abate, Andrzej J. Bojarski, Enza Lacivita* and Marcello Leopoldo

Volume 31, Issue 11, 2024

Published on: 26 May, 2023

Page: [1361 - 1403] Pages: 43

DOI: 10.2174/0929867330666230403094538

Price: $65

Abstract

The purinergic P2X7 receptor (P2X7R), an ATP-gated non-selective cation channel, has emerged as a gatekeeper of inflammation that controls the release of proinflammatory cytokines. As a key player in initiating the inflammatory signaling cascade, the P2X7 receptor is currently under intense scrutiny as a target for the treatment of different pathologies, including chronic inflammatory disorders (rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis), chronic neuropathic pain, mood disorders (depression and anxiety), neurodegenerative diseases, ischemia, cancer (leukemia), and many others. For these reasons, pharmaceutical companies have invested in discovering compounds able to modulate the P2X7R and filed many patent applications. This review article presents an account of P2X7R structure, function, and tissue distribution, emphasizing its role in inflammation. Next, we illustrate the different chemical classes of non-competitive P2X7R antagonists reported by highlighting their properties and qualities as clinical candidates for treating inflammatory disorders and neurodegenerative diseases. We also discuss the efforts to develop effective Positron Emission Tomography (PET) radioligands to progress the understanding of the pathomechanisms of neurodegenerative disorders, to provide evidence of drug-target engagement, and to assist clinical dose selection for novel drug therapies.

Keywords: Purinergic P2X7 receptor, inflammation, antagonists, neurodegenerative disorders, cancer, autoimmune diseases, positron emission tomography.

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