Title:Novel 5-bromoindole-2-carboxylic Acid Derivatives as EGFR Inhibitors: Synthesis,
Docking Study, and Structure Activity Relationship
Volume: 23
Issue: 11
Author(s): Omeed M. Hassan, Ammar Kubba and Lubna H. Tahtamouni*
Affiliation:
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of
Science, The Hashemite University, Zarqa, Jordan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Natural Sciences,
Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
Keywords:
Indole, benzoic acid, apoptosis, EGFR tyrosine kinase, MTT assay, in silico, cell cycle arrest.
Abstract:
Background: The indole backbone is encountered in a class of N-heterocyclic compounds with physiological
and pharmacological effects such as anti-cancer, anti-diabetic, and anti-HIV. These compounds are becoming increasingly
popular in organic, medicinal, and pharmaceutical research. Nitrogen compounds' hydrogen bonding, dipole-
dipole interactions, hydrophobic effects, Van der Waals forces, and stacking interactions have increased their
relevance in pharmaceutical chemistry due to their improved solubility. Indole derivatives, such as carbothioamide,
oxadiazole, and triazole, have been reported to act as anti-cancer drugs due to their ability to disrupt the mitotic spindle
and prevent human cancer cell proliferation, expansion, and invasion.
Objectives: To synthesize new 5-bromoindole-2-carboxylic acid derivatives that function as EGFR tyrosine kinase
inhibitors as deduced through molecular docking studies.
Methods: Different derivatives of indole (carbothioamide, oxadiazole, tetrahydro pyridazine-3,6-dione, and triazole)
were synthesized and evaluated through different chemical, spectroscopic methods (IR, 1HNMR, 13CNMR, and MS)
and assessed in silico and in vitro for their antiproliferative activities against A549, HepG2, and MCF-7 cancer cell
lines.
Results: According to molecular docking analyses, compounds 3a, 3b, 3f, and 7 exhibited the strongest EGFR tyrosine
kinase domain binding energies. In comparison to erlotinib, which displayed some hepatotoxicity, all of the evaluated
ligands displayed good in silico absorption levels, did not appear to be cytochrome P450 inhibitors, and were not hepatotoxic.
The new indole derivatives were found to decrease cell growth of three different types of human cancer cell lines
(HepG2, A549, and MCF-7), with compound 3a being the most powerful while still being cancer-specific. Cell cycle
arrest and the activation of apoptosis were the results of compound 3a's inhibition of EGFR tyrosine kinase activity.
Conclusion: The novel indole derivatives, compound 3a in particular, are promising anti-cancer agents which inhibit
cell proliferation by inhibiting EGFR tyrosine kinase activity.
