Login Register Cart 0
Generic placeholder image

Current Medicinal Chemistry

Editor-in-Chief

ISSN (Print): 0929-8673
ISSN (Online): 1875-533X

Back
Journal Home About Journal Editorial Board Journal Insight Current Issue Volumes/Issues
Subscribe Translate in Chinese
Review Article

Sleep, Dietary Melatonin Supplementation, and COVID-19

Author(s): Amin Gasmi, Yuliya Semenova, Sadaf Noor, Asma Gasmi Benahmed and Geir Bjørklund*

Volume 31, Issue 11, 2024

Published on: 22 May, 2023

Page: [1298 - 1314] Pages: 17

DOI: 10.2174/0929867330666230224093849

Price: $65

Abstract

Background: During the COVID-19 pandemic, people suffered from major mental health problems. These include stress, anxiety, and confusion about the existing situation of home confinement. Melatonin is a popular anti-inflammatory and antioxidant molecule sold as an over-the-counter dietary supplement.

Objective: This review discusses the indications for using melatonin in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic, including treatment.

Methods: A comprehensive search of publications was conducted in electronic databases focusing on the administration of melatonin in COVID-19.

Results: Stress has a huge negative impact on sleep routines and the quality of life of individuals. Sleep is considered an important modulator of the immune response. Thus, a lack of sleep can weaken immunity, increasing organism susceptibility to infection. For instance, shorter sleep durations are associated with a rise in suffering from the common cold. The administration of melatonin protects against viral and other pathogens and speeds clinical recovery.

Conclusion: In patients admitted to intensive care units, melatonin decreases the risks of severe complications, such as thrombosis and sepsis, and mortality rates. In addition, it is efficacious in lowering vessel permeability, depression, and sedation, and improving the quality of sleep, which could also help COVID-19 patients achieve better clinical outcomes.

Keywords: COVID-19, melatonin, dietary supplement, sleep quality, antioxidant, stress.

« Previous Next »
[1]
Cui, J.; Li, F.; Shi, Z.L. Origin and evolution of pathogenic coronaviruses. Nat. Rev. Microbiol., 2019, 17(3), 181-192.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41579-018-0118-9] [PMID: 30531947]
[2]
Martín, G.V.M.; Inserra, F.; Tajer, C.D.; Mariani, J.; Ferder, L.; Reiter, R.J.; Manucha, W. Lungs as target of COVID-19 infection: Protective common molecular mechanisms of vitamin D and melatonin as a new potential synergistic treatment. Life Sci., 2020, 254, 117808-117808.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.lfs.2020.117808] [PMID: 32422305]
[3]
Semenova, Y.; Trenina, V.; Pivina, L.; Glushkova, N.; Zhunussov, Y.; Ospanov, E.; Bjørklund, G. The lessons of COVID-19, SARS, and MERS: Implications for preventive strategies. Int. J. Healthc. Manag., 2022, 15(4), 314-324.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/20479700.2022.2051126]
[4]
Semenova, Y.; Kalmatayeva, Z.; Oshibayeva, A.; Mamyrbekova, S.; Kudirbekova, A.; Nurbakyt, A.; Baizhaxynova, A.; Colet, P.; Glushkova, N.; Ivankov, A.; Sarria-Santamera, A. Seropositivity of SARS-CoV-2 in the population of Kazakhstan: A nationwide laboratory-based surveillance. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 2022, 19(4), 2263.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19042263] [PMID: 35206453]
[5]
Greenberg, N.; Docherty, M.; Gnanapragasam, S.; Wessely, S. Managing mental health challenges faced by healthcare workers during COVID-19 pandemic. BMJ, 2020, 368, m1211.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.m1211] [PMID: 32217624]
[6]
Wang, G.; Zhang, Y.; Zhao, J.; Zhang, J.; Jiang, F. Mitigate the effects of home confinement on children during the COVID-19 outbreak. Lancet, 2020, 395(10228), 945-947.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30547-X] [PMID: 32145186]
[7]
Cohen, S.; Doyle, W.J.; Alper, C.M.; Janicki-Deverts, D.; Turner, R.B. Sleep habits and susceptibility to the common cold. Arch. Intern. Med., 2009, 169(1), 62-67.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/archinternmed.2008.505] [PMID: 19139325]
[8]
Glaser, R.; Kiecolt-Glaser, J.K. Stress-induced immune dysfunction: Implications for health. Nat. Rev. Immunol., 2005, 5(3), 243-251.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nri1571] [PMID: 15738954]
[9]
Besedovsky, L.; Lange, T.; Born, J. Sleep and immune function. Pflugers Arch., 2012, 463(1), 121-137.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00424-011-1044-0] [PMID: 22071480]
[10]
Wright, J.H.; Caudill, R. Remote treatment delivery in response to the COVID-19 pandemic. Psychother. Psychosom., 2020, 89(3), 130-132.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000507376] [PMID: 32213775]
[11]
Reiter, R.J.; Ma, Q.; Sharma, R. Melatonin in mitochondria: Mitigating clear and present dangers. Physiology, 2020, 35(2), 86-95.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/physiol.00034.2019] [PMID: 32024428]
[12]
Benington, J.H.; Craig Heller, H. Restoration of brain energy metabolism as the function of sleep. Prog. Neurobiol., 1995, 45(4), 347-360.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0301-0082(94)00057-O] [PMID: 7624482]
[13]
Mackiewicz, M.; Shockley, K.R.; Romer, M.A.; Galante, R.J.; Zimmerman, J.E.; Naidoo, N.; Baldwin, D.A.; Jensen, S.T.; Churchill, G.A.; Pack, A.I. Macromolecule biosynthesis: A key function of sleep. Physiol. Genomics, 2007, 31(3), 441-457.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/physiolgenomics.00275.2006] [PMID: 17698924]
[14]
Dimitrov, S.; Lange, T.; Nohroudi, K.; Born, J. Number and function of circulating human antigen presenting cells regulated by sleep. Sleep, 2007, 30(4), 401-411.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/sleep/30.4.401] [PMID: 17520784]
[15]
Yehuda, S.; Sredni, B.; Carasso, R.L.; Kenigsbuch-Sredni, D. REM sleep deprivation in rats results in inflammation and interleukin-17 elevation. J Interferon Cytokine Res, 2009, 29(7), 393-398.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/jir.2008.0080] [PMID: 19450150]
[16]
Zager, A.; Andersen, M.L.; Ruiz, F.S.; Antunes, I.B.; Tufik, S. Effects of acute and chronic sleep loss on immune modulation of rats. Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol., 2007, 293(1), R504-R509.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.00105.2007] [PMID: 17409265]
[17]
Ibarra-Coronado, E.G.; Pantaleón-Martínez, A.M.; Velazquéz-Moctezuma, J.; Prospéro-García, O.; Méndez-Díaz, M.; Pérez-Tapia, M.; Pavón, L.; Morales-Montor, J. The bidirectional relationship between sleep and immunity against infections. J. Immunol. Res., 2015, 2015, 1-14.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/678164] [PMID: 26417606]
[18]
Hurtado-Alvarado, G.; Domínguez-Salazar, E.; Pavon, L.; Velázquez-Moctezuma, J.; Gómez-González, B. Blood-brain barrier disruption induced by chronic sleep loss: low-grade inflammation may be the link. J. Immunol. Res., 2016, 2016, 1-15.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/4576012] [PMID: 27738642]
[19]
Fang, J.; Sanborn, C.K.; Renegar, K.B.; Majde, J.A.; Krueger, J.M. Influenza viral infections enhance sleep in mice. Exp. Biol. Med., 1995, 210(3), 242-252.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3181/00379727-210-43945] [PMID: 8539262]
[20]
Fang, I.; Tooley, D.; Gatewood, C.; Renegar, K.B.; Majde, J.A.; Krueger, J.M. Differential effects of total and upper airway influenza viral infection on sleep in mice. Sleep, 1996, 19(4), 337-342.
[PMID: 8776792]
[21]
Horváth, A.; Papp, A.; Szűcs, A. Progress in elucidating the pathophysiological basis of nonrapid eye movement parasomnias: not yet informing therapeutic strategies. Nat. Sci. Sleep, 2016, 8, 73-79.
[PMID: 27022307]
[22]
Cooke, G.S.; Hill, A.V.S. Genetics of susceptibitlity to human infectious disease. Nat. Rev. Genet., 2001, 2(12), 967-977.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/35103577] [PMID: 11733749]
[23]
Hill, A.V.S. The genomics and genetics of human infectious disease susceptibility. Annu. Rev. Genomics Hum. Genet., 2001, 2(1), 373-400.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.genom.2.1.373] [PMID: 11701655]
[24]
Trammell, R.A.; Liberati, T.A.; Toth, L.A. Host genetic background and the innate inflammatory response of lung to influenza virus. Microbes Infect., 2012, 14(1), 50-58.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.micinf.2011.08.008] [PMID: 21920449]
[25]
Tuite, A.; Gros, P. The impact of genomics on the analysis of host resistance to infectious disease. Microbes Infect., 2006, 8(6), 1647-1653.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.micinf.2005.11.016] [PMID: 16697229]
[26]
Toth, L.; Rehg, J.E.; Webster, R.G. Strain differences in sleep and other pathophysiological sequelae of influenza virus infection in naive and immunized mice. J. Neuroimmunol., 1995, 58(1), 89-99.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0165-5728(94)00193-R] [PMID: 7730450]
[27]
Dahan, V.; Kimoff, R.J.; Petrof, B.J.; Benedetti, A.; Diorio, D.; Trojan, D.A. Sleep-disordered breathing in fatigued postpoliomyelitis clinic patients. Arch. Phys. Med. Rehabil., 2006, 87(10), 1352-1356.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apmr.2006.07.256] [PMID: 17023245]
[28]
Silva, T.M.; Moreira, G.A.; Quadros, A.A.J.; Pradella-Hallinan, M.; Tufik, S.; Oliveira, A.S.B. Analysis of sleep characteristics in post-polio syndrome patients. Arq. Neuropsiquiatr., 2010, 68(4), 535-540.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0004-282X2010000400011] [PMID: 20730305]
[29]
Steljes, D.G.; Kryger, M.H.; Kirk, B.W.; Millar, T.W. Sleep in postpolio syndrome. Chest, 1990, 98(1), 133-140.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1378/chest.98.1.133] [PMID: 2361379]
[30]
Darko, D.F.; McCutchan, J.A.; Kripke, D.F.; Gillin, J.C.; Golshan, S. Fatigue, sleep disturbance, disability, and indices of progression of HIV infection. Am. J. Psychiatry, 1992, 149(4), 514-520.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1176/ajp.149.4.514] [PMID: 1554037]
[31]
Kanmogne, G.D.; Fonsah, J.Y.; Umlauf, A.; Moul, J.; Doh, R.F.; Kengne, A.M.; Tang, B.; Tagny, C.T.; Nchindap, E.; Kenmogne, L.; Franklin, D.; Njamnshi, D.M.; Mbanya, D.; Njamnshi, A.K.; Heaton, R.K. Attention/working memory, learning and memory in adult cameroonians: Normative data, effects of HIV infection and viral genotype. J. Int. Neuropsychol. Soc., 2020, 26(6), 607-623.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S1355617720000120] [PMID: 32066518]
[32]
Chung, W.S.; Lin, H.H.; Cheng, N.C. The incidence and risk of herpes zoster in patients with sleep disorders. Medicine, 2016, 95(11), e2195.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/MD.0000000000002195] [PMID: 26986095]
[33]
Gohier, B.; Goeb, J.L.; Rannou-Dubas, K.; Fouchard, I.; Calès, P.; Garré, J.B. Hepatitis C, alpha interferon, anxiety and depression disorders: A prospective study of 71 patients. World J. Biol. Psychiatry, 2003, 4(3), 115-118.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15622970310029904] [PMID: 12872204]
[34]
Thein, H.H.; Maruff, P.; Krahn, M.; Kaldor, J.M.; Koorey, D.J.; Brew, B.J.; Dore, G.J. Cognitive function, mood and health-related quality of life in hepatitis C virus (HCV)- monoinfected and HIV/HCV-coinfected individuals commencing HCV treatment. HIV Med., 2007, 8(3), 192-202.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-1293.2007.00452.x] [PMID: 17461864]
[35]
Sockalingam, S.; Abbey, S.E.; Alosaimi, F.; Novak, M. A review of sleep disturbance in hepatitis C. J. Clin. Gastroenterol., 2010, 44(1), 38-45.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/MCG.0b013e3181b314ea] [PMID: 19730115]
[36]
Huang, Y.; Zhao, N. Generalized anxiety disorder, depressive symptoms and sleep quality during COVID-19 outbreak in China: A web-based cross-sectional survey. Psychiatry Res., 2020, 288, 112954-112954.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2020.112954] [PMID: 32325383]
[37]
Torales, J.; O’Higgins, M.; Castaldelli-Maia, J.M.; Ventriglio, A. The outbreak of COVID-19 coronavirus and its impact on global mental health. Int. J. Soc. Psychiatry, 2020, 66(4), 317-320.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0020764020915212] [PMID: 32233719]
[38]
Firth, J.; Torous, J. Multidisciplinary research priorities for the COVID-19 pandemic. Lancet Psychiatry, 2020, 7(7), e39.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S2215-0366(20)30251-0] [PMID: 32563314]
[39]
Calvo-Sanz, J.; Tapia-Ayuga, C.E. Blue light emission spectra of popular mobile devices: The extent of user protection against melatonin suppression by built-in screen technology and light filtering software systems. Chronobiol. Int., 2020, 37(7), 1016-1022.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07420528.2020.1781149] [PMID: 32649241]
[40]
Horenstein, A.; Morrison, A.S.; Goldin, P.; ten Brink, M.; Gross, J.J.; Heimberg, R.G. Sleep quality and treatment of social anxiety disorder. Anxiety Stress Coping, 2019, 32(4), 387-398.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10615806.2019.1617854] [PMID: 31082285]
[41]
Hempler, N.F.; Joensen, L.E.; Willaing, I. Relationship between social network, social support and health behaviour in people with type 1 and type 2 diabetes: cross-sectional studies. BMC Public Health, 2016, 16(1), 198.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12889-016-2819-1] [PMID: 26926867]
[42]
Utz, S.; Breuer, J. The relationship between use of social network sites, online social support, and well-being. J. Media Psychol., 2017, 29(3), 115-125.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/1864-1105/a000222] [PMID: 29147141]
[43]
Alvaro, P.K.; Roberts, R.M.; Harris, J.K. A systematic review assessing bidirectionality between sleep disturbances, anxiety, and depression. Sleep, 2013, 36(7), 1059-1068.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.5665/sleep.2810] [PMID: 23814343]
[44]
Cardinali, D.P.; Srinivasan, V.; Brzezinski, A.; Brown, G.M. Melatonin and its analogs in insomnia and depression. J. Pineal Res., 2012, 52(4), 365-375.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-079X.2011.00962.x] [PMID: 21951153]
[45]
van Santen, A.; Vreeburg, S.A.; Van der Does, A.J.W.; Spinhoven, P.; Zitman, F.G.; Penninx, B.W.J.H. Psychological traits and the cortisol awakening response: Results from the Netherlands study of depression and anxiety. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 2011, 36(2), 240-248.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.psyneuen.2010.07.014] [PMID: 20724080]
[46]
Deng, J.; Zhou, F.; Hou, W.; Silver, Z.; Wong, C.Y.; Chang, O.; Huang, E.; Zuo, Q.K. The prevalence of depression, anxiety, and sleep disturbances in COVID-19 patients: a meta-analysis. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci., 2021, 1486(1), 90-111.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/nyas.14506] [PMID: 33009668]
[47]
Donzella, S.M.; Kohler, L.N.; Crane, T.E.; Jacobs, E.T.; Ernst, K.C.; Bell, M.L.; Catalfamo, C.J.; Begay, R.; Pogreba-Brown, K.; Farland, L.V. COVID-19 infection, the COVID-19 pandemic, and changes in sleep. Front. Public Health, 2022, 9, 795320.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2021.795320] [PMID: 35174134]
[48]
Pellitteri, G.; Surcinelli, A.; De Martino, M.; Fabris, M.; Janes, F.; Bax, F.; Marini, A.; Milanic, R.; Piani, A.; Isola, M.; Gigli, G.L.; Valente, M. Sleep alterations following COVID-19 are associated with both neuroinflammation and psychological disorders, although at different times. Front. Neurol., 2022, 13, 929480.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fneur.2022.929480] [PMID: 36062000]
[49]
Abdelghani, M.; Alsadik, M.; Abdelmoaty, A.; Atwa, S.; Said, A.; Hassan, M. Sleep disturbances following recovery from COVID-19: A comparative cross-sectional study in Egypt. East. Mediterr. Health J., 2022, 28(1), 14-22.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.26719/emhj.22.006] [PMID: 35165874]
[50]
El Sayed, S.; Gomaa, S.; Shokry, D.; Kabil, A.; Eissa, A. Sleep in post-COVID-19 recovery period and its impact on different domains of quality of life. Egypt. J. Neurol. Psychiat. Neurosurg., 2021, 57(1), 172.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s41983-021-00429-7] [PMID: 34924750]
[51]
Camargo-Martínez, W.; Lozada-Martínez, I.; Escobar-Collazos, A.; Navarro-Coronado, A.; Moscote-Salazar, L.; Pacheco-Hernández, A.; Janjua, T.; Bosque-Varela, P. Post-COVID-19 neurological syndrome: Implications for sequelae’s treatment. J. Clin. Neurosci., 2021, 88, 219-225.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jocn.2021.04.001] [PMID: 33992187]
[52]
Zildzic, M.; Salihefendic, D.; Masic, I. Non-pharmacological measures in the prevention and treatment of COVID-19 infection. Med. Arh., 2021, 75(4), 307-312.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.5455/medarh.2021.75.307-312] [PMID: 34759453]
[53]
Ekhtiari, H.; Rezapour, T.; Aupperle, R.L.; Paulus, M.P. Neuroscience-informed psychoeducation for addiction medicine: A neurocognitive perspective. Prog. Brain Res., 2017, 235, 239-264.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/bs.pbr.2017.08.013] [PMID: 29054291]
[54]
DeRubeis, R.J.; Hollon, S.D.; Amsterdam, J.D.; Shelton, R.C.; Young, P.R.; Salomon, R.M.; O’Reardon, J.P.; Lovett, M.L.; Gladis, M.M.; Brown, L.L.; Gallop, R. Cognitive therapy vs. medications in the treatment of moderate to severe depression. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry, 2005, 62(4), 409-416.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/archpsyc.62.4.409] [PMID: 15809408]
[55]
Thoma, N.; Pilecki, B.; McKay, D. Contemporary cognitive behavior therapy: A review of theory, history, and evidence. Psychodyn. Psychiatry, 2015, 43(3), 423-461.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1521/pdps.2015.43.3.423] [PMID: 26301761]
[56]
Brewin, C.R. Theoretical foundations of cognitive-behavior therapy for anxiety and depression. Annu. Rev. Psychol., 1996, 47(1), 33-57.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.psych.47.1.33] [PMID: 8624137]
[57]
Benjamin, C.L.; Puleo, C.M.; Settipani, C.A.; Brodman, D.M.; Edmunds, J.M.; Cummings, C.M.; Kendall, P.C. History of cognitive-behavioral therapy in youth. Child Adolesc. Psychiatr. Clin. N. Am., 2011, 20(2), 179-189.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chc.2011.01.011] [PMID: 21440849]
[58]
McKay, D.; Sookman, D.; Neziroglu, F.; Wilhelm, S.; Stein, D.J.; Kyrios, M.; Matthews, K.; Veale, D. Efficacy of cognitive-behavioral therapy for obsessive–compulsive disorder. Psychiatry Res., 2015, 225(3), 236-246.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2014.11.058] [PMID: 25613661]
[59]
Zhu, Z.; Zhang, L.; Jiang, J.; Li, W.; Cao, X.; Zhou, Z.; Zhang, T.; Li, C. Comparison of psychological placebo and waiting list control conditions in the assessment of cognitive behavioral therapy for the treatment of generalized anxiety disorder: A meta-analysis. Shanghai Jingshen Yixue, 2014, 26(6), 319-331.
[PMID: 25642106]
[60]
Johansson, R.; Andersson, G. Internet-based psychological treatments for depression. Expert Rev. Neurother., 2012, 12(7), 861-870.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1586/ern.12.63] [PMID: 22853793]
[61]
Altena, E.; Micoulaud-Franchi, J.A.; Geoffroy, P.A.; Sanz-Arigita, E.; Bioulac, S.; Philip, P. The bidirectional relation between emotional reactivity and sleep: From disruption to recovery. Behav. Neurosci., 2016, 130(3), 336-350.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/bne0000128] [PMID: 26866361]
[62]
Morin, C.M.; Inoue, Y.; Kushida, C.; Poyares, D.; Winkelman, J. Endorsement of European guideline for the diagnosis and treatment of insomnia by the World Sleep Society. Sleep Med., 2021, 81, 124-126.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.sleep.2021.01.023] [PMID: 33667998]
[63]
Baglioni, C.; Altena, E.; Bjorvatn, B.; Blom, K.; Bothelius, K.; Devoto, A.; Espie, C.A.; Frase, L.; Gavriloff, D.; Tuuliki, H.; Hoflehner, A.; Högl, B.; Holzinger, B.; Järnefelt, H.; Jernelöv, S.; Johann, A.F.; Lombardo, C.; Nissen, C.; Palagini, L.; Peeters, G.; Perlis, M.L.; Posner, D.; Schlarb, A.; Spiegelhalder, K.; Wichniak, A.; Riemann, D. The European academy for cognitive behavioural therapy for insomnia: An initiative of the european insomnia network to promote implementation and dissemination of treatment. J. Sleep Res., 2019, 29.
[PMID: 31856367]
[64]
Morin, C.M.; Vallières, A.; Guay, B.; Ivers, H.; Savard, J.; Mérette, C.; Bastien, C.; Baillargeon, L. Cognitive behavioral therapy, singly and combined with medication, for persistent insomnia: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA, 2009, 301(19), 2005-2015.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.2009.682] [PMID: 19454639]
[65]
Randall, C.; Nowakowski, S.; Ellis, J.G. Managing acute insomnia in prison: Evaluation of a “one-shot” cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia (CBT-I) intervention. Behav. Sleep Med., 2019, 17(6), 827-836.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15402002.2018.1518227] [PMID: 30289290]
[66]
Shah, S.M.A.; Mohammad, D.; Qureshi, M.F.H.; Abbas, M.Z.; Aleem, S. Prevalence, psychological responses and associated correlates of depression, anxiety and stress in a global population, during the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic. Community Ment. Health J., 2020, 1-10.
[PMID: 33108569]
[67]
Bastien, C.H.; Morin, C.M.; Ouellet, M.C.; Blais, F.C.; Bouchard, S. Cognitive-behavioral therapy for insomnia: Comparison of individual therapy, group therapy, and telephone consultations. J. Consult. Clin. Psychol., 2004, 72(4), 653-659.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0022-006X.72.4.653] [PMID: 15301650]
[68]
Fuller, K.H.; Waters, W.F.; Binks, P.G.; Anderson, T. Generalized anxiety and sleep architecture: A polysomnographic investigation. Sleep, 1997, 20(5), 370-376.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/sleep/20.5.370] [PMID: 9381061]
[69]
Liu, N.; Zhang, F.; Wei, C.; Jia, Y.; Shang, Z.; Sun, L.; Wu, L.; Sun, Z.; Zhou, Y.; Wang, Y.; Liu, W. Prevalence and predictors of PTSS during COVID-19 outbreak in China hardest-hit areas: Gender differences matter. Psychiatry Res., 2020, 287, 112921-112921.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2020.112921] [PMID: 32240896]
[70]
Kim, H.; Hegde, S.; LaFiura, C.; Raghavan, M.; Luong, E.; Cheng, S.; Rebholz, C.M.; Seidelmann, S.B. COVID-19 illness in relation to sleep and burnout. BMJ Nutrition, Prevention & Health, 2021.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjnph-2021-000228]
[71]
Hofmann, S.G.; Gómez, A.F. Mindfulness-based interventions for anxiety and depression. Psychiatr. Clin. North Am., 2017, 40(4), 739-749.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.psc.2017.08.008] [PMID: 29080597]
[72]
Creswell, J.D. Mindfulness interventions. Annu. Rev. Psychol., 2017, 68, 491-516.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-psych-042716-051139] [PMID: 27687118]
[73]
Carlson, L.E. Mindfulness-based interventions for physical conditions: A narrative review evaluating levels of evidence. ISRN Psychiatry, 2012, 2012, 1-21.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.5402/2012/651583] [PMID: 23762768]
[74]
Sanada, K.; Montero-Marin, J.; Barceló-Soler, A.; Ikuse, D.; Ota, M.; Hirata, A.; Yoshizawa, A.; Hatanaka, R.; Valero, M.S.; Demarzo, M.; Campayo, J.G.; Iwanami, A. Effects of mindfulness-based interventions on biomarkers and low-grade inflammation in patients with psychiatric disorders: A meta-analytic review. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 2020, 21(7), 2484.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms21072484] [PMID: 32260096]
[75]
Roque-Lopez, S.; Llanez-Anaya, E.; Álvarez-López, M.J.; Everts, M.; Fernández, D.; Davidson, R.J.; Kaliman, P. Mental health benefits of a 1-week intensive multimodal group program for adolescents with multiple adverse childhood experiences. Child Abuse Negl., 2021, 122, 105349.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2021.105349] [PMID: 34628152]
[76]
Juul, L.; Pallesen, K.J.; Bjerggaard, M.; Nielsen, C.; Fjorback, L.O. A pilot randomised trial comparing a mindfulness-based stress reduction course, a locally-developed stress reduction intervention and a waiting list control group in a real-life municipal health care setting. BMC Public Health, 2020, 20(1), 409.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12889-020-08470-6] [PMID: 32228533]
[77]
Pascoe, M.C.; Thompson, D.R.; Jenkins, Z.M.; Ski, C.F. Mindfulness mediates the physiological markers of stress: Systematic review and meta-analysis. J. Psychiatr. Res., 2017, 95, 156-178.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychires.2017.08.004] [PMID: 28863392]
[78]
Chadi, N.; Weisbaum, E.; Vo, D.X.; Ahola Kohut, S. Mindfulness-based interventions for adolescents: Time to consider telehealth. J. Altern. Complement. Med., 2020, 26(3), 172-175.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/acm.2019.0302] [PMID: 31765222]
[79]
DeVries, A.C.; Glasper, E.R.; Detillion, C. E. Social modulation of stress responses. Physiol Behav, 2003, 79, 399-407.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0031-9384(03)00152-5] [PMID: 12954434]
[80]
Xiao, H.; Zhang, Y.; Kong, D.; Li, S.; Yang, N. Social capital and sleep quality in individuals who self-isolated for 14 days during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak in january 2020 in China. Med. Sci. Monit., 2020, 26, e923921.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.12659/MSM.923921] [PMID: 32194290]
[81]
Basner, M.; Fomberstein, K.M.; Razavi, F.M.; Banks, S.; William, J.H.; Rosa, R.R.; Dinges, D.F. American time use survey: Sleep time and its relationship to waking activities. Sleep, 2007, 30(9), 1085-1095.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/sleep/30.9.1085] [PMID: 17910380]
[82]
Kent de Grey, R.G.; Uchino, B.N.; Trettevik, R.; Cronan, S.; Hogan, J.N. Social support and sleep: A meta-analysis. Health Psychol., 2018, 37(8), 787-798.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/hea0000628] [PMID: 29809022]
[83]
Peng, Y.; Ao, M.; Dong, B.; Jiang, Y.; Yu, L.; Chen, Z.; Hu, C.; Xu, R. Anti-inflammatory effects of curcumin in the inflammatory diseases: Status, limitations and countermeasures. Drug Des. Devel. Ther., 2021, 15, 4503-4525.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2147/DDDT.S327378] [PMID: 34754179]
[84]
Xu, Y.; Ku, B.; Cui, L.; Li, X.; Barish, P.A.; Foster, T.C.; Ogle, W.O. Curcumin reverses impaired hippocampal neurogenesis and increases serotonin receptor 1A mRNA and brain-derived neurotrophic factor expression in chronically stressed rats. Brain Res., 2007, 1162, 9-18.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.brainres.2007.05.071] [PMID: 17617388]
[85]
Nouri-Vaskeh, M.; Afshan, H.; Malek Mahdavi, A.; Alizadeh, L.; Fan, X.; Zarei, M. Curcumin ameliorates health-related quality of life in patients with liver cirrhosis: A randomized, double-blind placebo-controlled trial. Complement. Ther. Med., 2020, 49, 102351.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ctim.2020.102351] [PMID: 32147077]
[86]
Aguiar, S.; Borowski, T. Neuropharmacological review of the nootropic herb Bacopa monnieri. Rejuvenation Res., 2013, 16(4), 313-326.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/rej.2013.1431] [PMID: 23772955]
[87]
Simpson, T.; Pase, M.; Stough, C. Bacopa monnieri as an antioxidant therapy to reduce oxidative stress in the aging brain. Evid. Based Complement. Alternat. Med., 2015, 2015, 1-9.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/615384] [PMID: 26413126]
[88]
Lopresti, A.L.; Smith, S.J.; Ali, S.; Metse, A.P.; Kalns, J.; Drummond, P.D. Effects of a Bacopa monnieri extract (Bacognize®) on stress, fatigue, quality of life and sleep in adults with self-reported poor sleep: A randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. J. Funct. Foods, 2021, 85, 104671.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jff.2021.104671]
[89]
Shetty, S.K.; Rao, P.N.; U, S.; Raj, A.; Ks, S.; Sv, S. The effect of brahmi (Bacopa monnieri (L.) Pennell) on depression, anxiety and stress during COVID-19. Eur. J. Integr. Med., 2021, 48, 101898.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eujim.2021.101898]
[90]
Mancuso, C.; Santangelo, R. Panax ginseng and Panax quinquefolius: From pharmacology to toxicology. Food Chem. Toxicol., 2017, 107(Pt A), 362-372.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fct.2017.07.019] [PMID: 28698154]
[91]
Yi, Y.S. Potential benefits of ginseng against COVID-19 by targeting inflammasomes. J. Ginseng Res., 2022, 46(6), 722-730.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jgr.2022.03.008] [PMID: 35399195]
[92]
Jeong Han, H.; Yun Kim, H.; Joon Choi, J.; Ahn, S.Y.; Lee, S.H.; Oh, K.W.; Kim, S.Y. Effects of red ginseng extract on sleeping behaviors in human volunteers. J. Ethnopharmacol., 2013, 149(2), 597-599.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2013.07.005] [PMID: 23872254]
[93]
Hardeland, R. Melatonin and inflammation-story of a double-edged blade. J. Pineal Res., 2018, 65(4), e12525.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jpi.12525] [PMID: 30242884]
[94]
Reiter, R.J.; Tan, D.X.; Mayo, J.C.; Sainz, R.M.; Leon, J.; Czarnocki, Z. Melatonin as an antioxidant: Biochemical mechanisms and pathophysiological implications in humans. Acta Biochim. Pol., 2003, 50(4), 1129-1146.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.18388/abp.2003_3637] [PMID: 14740000]
[95]
Sinha, B.; Wu, Q.; Li, W.; Tu, Y.; Sirianni, A.C.; Chen, Y.; Jiang, J.; Zhang, X.; Chen, W.; Zhou, S.; Reiter, R.J.; Manning, S.M.; Patel, N.J.; Aziz-Sultan, A.M.; Inder, T.E.; Friedlander, R.M.; Fu, J.; Wang, X. Protection of melatonin in experimental models of newborn hypoxic-ischemic brain injury through MT1 receptor. J. Pineal Res., 2018, 64(1), e12443.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jpi.12443] [PMID: 28796402]
[96]
Wurtman, R.J.; Axelrod, J.; Phillips, L.S. Melatonin synthesis in the pineal gland: control by light. Science, 1963, 142(3595), 1071-1073.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.142.3595.1071] [PMID: 14068225]
[97]
Zisapel, N. New perspectives on the role of melatonin in human sleep, circadian rhythms and their regulation. Br. J. Pharmacol., 2018, 175(16), 3190-3199.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/bph.14116] [PMID: 29318587]
[98]
Juricek, L.; Xavier, C. The aryl hydrocarbon receptor and the nervous system. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 2018, 19(9), 25049.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms19092504]
[99]
Lee, K.; Hwang, O.J.; Back, K. Rice N-acetylserotonin deacetylase regulates melatonin levels in transgenic rice. Melatonin Res., 2020, 3(1), 32-42.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.32794/mr11250046]
[100]
Coto-Montes, A.; Boga, J.; Tan, D.; Reiter, R. Melatonin as a potential agent in the treatment of sarcopenia. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 2016, 17(10), 1771.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms17101771] [PMID: 27783055]
[101]
Sieck, G.C. Physiology in perspective: Physiological systems respond to time. Physiology , 2020, 35(2), 84-85.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/physiol.00002.2020] [PMID: 32024427]
[102]
Huang, S.H.; Cao, X.J.; Liu, W.; Shi, X.Y.; Wei, W. Inhibitory effect of melatonin on lung oxidative stress induced by respiratory syncytial virus infection in mice. J. Pineal Res., 2010, 48(2), 109-116.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-079X.2009.00733.x] [PMID: 20070490]
[103]
Huang, S.H.; Cao, X.J.; Wei, W. Melatonin decreases TLR3-mediated inflammatory factor expression via inhibition of NF-kappa B activation in respiratory syncytial virus-infected RAW264.7 macrophages. J. Pineal. Res.2008; 45(1): 93-100.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-079X.2008.00560.x.]
[104]
Miller, S.C.; Pandi, P.S.R.; Esquifino, A.I.; Cardinali, D.P.; Maestroni, G.J.M. The role of melatonin in immuno-enhancement: Potential application in cancer. Int. J. Exp. Pathol., 2006, 87(2), 81-87.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.0959-9673.2006.00474.x] [PMID: 16623752]
[105]
Zhang, R.; Wang, X.; Ni, L.; Di, X.; Ma, B.; Niu, S.; Liu, C.; Reiter, R.J. COVID-19: Melatonin as a potential adjuvant treatment. Life Sci., 2020, 250, 117583-117583.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.lfs.2020.117583] [PMID: 32217117]
[106]
Wang, Q.L.; Yang, L.; Peng, Y.; Gao, M.; Yang, M.S.; Xing, W.; Xiao, X.Z. Ginsenoside Rg1 regulates SIRT1 to ameliorate sepsis-induced lung inflammation and injury viainhibiting endoplasmic reticulum stress and inflammation. Mediators Inflamm., 2019, 2019, 1-10.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/6453296] [PMID: 30918470]
[107]
Sun, C.K.; Lee, F.Y.; Kao, Y.H.; Chiang, H.J.; Sung, P.H.; Tsai, T.H.; Lin, Y.C.; Leu, S.; Wu, Y.C.; Lu, H.I.; Chen, Y.L.; Chung, S.Y.; Su, H.L.; Yip, H.K. Systemic combined melatonin-mitochondria treatment improves acute respiratory distress syndrome in the rat. J. Pineal Res., 2015, 58(2), 137-150.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jpi.12199] [PMID: 25491480]
[108]
Shang, Y.; Xu, S.P.; Wu, Y.; Jiang, Y.X.; Wu, Z.Y.; Yuan, S.Y.; Yao, S.L. Melatonin reduces acute lung injury in endotoxemic rats. Chin. Med. J., 2009, 122(12), 1388-1393.
[PMID: 19567158]
[109]
Pedrosa, A.M.C.; Weinlich, R.; Mognol, G.P.; Robbs, B.K.; Viola, J.P.B.; Campa, A.; Amarante-Mendes, G.P. Melatonin protects CD4+ T cells from activation-induced cell death by blocking NFAT-mediated CD95 ligand upregulation. J. Immunol., 2010, 184(7), 3487-3494.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.0902961] [PMID: 20181888]
[110]
Habtemariam, S.; Daglia, M.; Sureda, A.; Selamoglu, Z.; Fuat, G.M.; Mohammad, NS. Melatonin and respiratory diseases: A review. Curr. Top. Med. Chem., 2016, 17(4), 467-488.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1568026616666160824120338] [PMID: 27558675]
[111]
Mańka, S.; Majewska, E. Immunoregulatory action of melatonin. The mechanism of action and the effect on inflammatory cells. Postepy Hig. Med. Dosw., 2016, 70(0), 1059-1067.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/17322693.1221001] [PMID: 27708210]
[112]
Korkmaz, A.; Reiter, R.J.; Topal, T.; Manchester, L.C.; Oter, S.; Tan, D.X. Melatonin: an established antioxidant worthy of use in clinical trials. Mol. Med., 2009, 15(1-2), 43-50.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2119/molmed.2008.00117] [PMID: 19011689]
[113]
Shirey, K.A.; Lai, W.; Scott, A.J.; Lipsky, M.; Mistry, P.; Pletneva, L.M.; Karp, C.L.; McAlees, J.; Gioannini, T.L.; Weiss, J.; Chen, W.H.; Ernst, R.K.; Rossignol, D.P.; Gusovsky, F.; Blanco, J.C.G.; Vogel, S.N. The TLR4 antagonist Eritoran protects mice from lethal influenza infection. Nature, 2013, 497(7450), 498-502.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature12118] [PMID: 23636320]
[114]
Sui, X. Inhibition of the NF-κB signaling pathway on endothelial cell function and angiogenesis in mice with acute cerebral infarction. J. Biol. Regul. Homeost. Agents, 2019, 33(2), 375-384.
[PMID: 30945527]
[115]
Zhao, Y.; Wang, H.; Chen, W.; Chen, L.; Liu, D.; Wang, X.; Wang, X. Melatonin attenuates white matter damage after focal brain ischemia in rats by regulating the TLR4/NF-κB pathway. Brain Res. Bull., 2019, 150, 168-178.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.brainresbull.2019.05.019] [PMID: 31158461]
[116]
Cuzzocrea, S.; Russel, J.R. Pharmacological action of melatonin in shock, inflammation and ischemia/reperfusion injury. Eur J Pharmacol, 2001, 426(1-2), 1-10.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0014-2999(01)01175-x] [PMID: 11525764]
[117]
Gitto, E.; Karbownik, M.; Reiter, R.J.; Tan, D.X.; Cuzzocrea, S.; Chiurazzi, P.; Cordaro, S.; Corona, G.; Trimarchi, G.; Barberi, I. Effects of melatonin treatment in septic newborns. Pediatr. Res., 2001, 50(6), 756-760.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1203/00006450-200112000-00021] [PMID: 11726736]
[118]
Mundigler, G.; Delle-Karth, G.; Koreny, M.; Zehetgruber, M.; Steindl-Munda, P.; Marktl, W.; Fertl, L.; Siostrzonek, P. Impaired circadian rhythm of melatonin secretion in sedated critically ill patients with severe sepsis. Crit. Care Med., 2002, 30(3), 536-540.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00003246-200203000-00007] [PMID: 11990911]
[119]
Tamura, D.Y.; Moore, E.E.; Partrick, D.A.; Johnson, J.L.; Offner, P.J.; Silliman, C.C. Acute hypoxemia in humans enhances the neutrophil inflammatory response. Shock, 2002, 17(4), 269-273.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00024382-200204000-00005] [PMID: 11954825]
[120]
Gitto, E.; Reiter, R.J.; Sabatino, G.; Buonocore, G.; Romeo, C.; Gitto, P.; Buggé, C.; Trimarchi, G.; Barberi, I. Correlation among cytokines, bronchopulmonary dysplasia and modality of ventilation in preterm newborns: improvement with melatonin treatment. J. Pineal Res., 2005, 39(3), 287-293.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-079X.2005.00251.x] [PMID: 16150110]
[121]
Bazyar, H.; Gholinezhad, H.; Moradi, L.; Salehi, P.; Abadi, F.; Ravanbakhsh, M.; Zare Javid, A. The effects of melatonin supplementation in adjunct with non-surgical periodontal therapy on periodontal status, serum melatonin and inflammatory markers in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients with chronic periodontitis: a double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Inflammopharmacology, 2019, 27(1), 67-76.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10787-018-0539-0] [PMID: 30328031]
[122]
Sánchez-López, A.L.; Ortiz, G.G.; Pacheco-Moises, F.P.; Mireles-Ramírez, M.A.; Bitzer-Quintero, O.K.; Delgado-Lara, D.L.C.; Ramírez-Jirano, L.J.; Velázquez-Brizuela, I.E. Efficacy of melatonin on serum pro-inflammatory cytokines and oxidative stress markers in relapsing remitting multiple sclerosis. Arch. Med. Res., 2018, 49(6), 391-398.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.arcmed.2018.12.004] [PMID: 30595364]
[123]
Kücükakin, B.; Lykkesfeldt, J.; Nielsen, H.J.; Reiter, R.J.; Rosenberg, J.; Gögenur, I. Utility of melatonin to treat surgical stress after major vascular surgery – a safety study. J. Pineal Res., 2008, 44(4), 426-431.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-079X.2007.00545.x] [PMID: 18205732]
[124]
Zhao, Z.; Lu, C.; Li, T.; Wang, W.; Ye, W.; Zeng, R.; Ni, L.; Lai, Z.; Wang, X.; Liu, C. The protective effect of melatonin on brain ischemia and reperfusion in rats and humans: In vivo assessment and a randomized controlled trial. J. Pineal Res., 2018, 65(4), e12521.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jpi.12521] [PMID: 30098076]
[125]
Zarezadeh, M.; Khorshidi, M.; Emami, M.; Janmohammadi, P.; Kord-varkaneh, H.; Mousavi, S.M.; Mohammed, S.H.; Saedisomeolia, A.; Alizadeh, S. Melatonin supplementation and pro-inflammatory mediators: A systematic review and meta-analysis of clinical trials. Eur. J. Nutr., 2020, 59(5), 1803-1813.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00394-019-02123-0] [PMID: 31679041]
[126]
Anderson, G.; Reiter, R.J. Melatonin: Roles in influenza, COVID-19, and other viral infections. Rev. Med. Virol., 2020, 30(3), e2109.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/rmv.2109] [PMID: 32314850]
[127]
Begum, R.; Mamun-Or-Rashid, A.N.M.; Lucy, T.T.; Pramanik, M.K.; Sil, B.K.; Mukerjee, N.; Tagde, P.; Yagi, M.; Yonei, Y. Potential therapeutic approach of melatonin against omicron and some other variants of SARS-CoV-2. Molecules, 2022, 27(20), 6934.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules27206934] [PMID: 36296527]
[128]
Alizadeh, N.; Dianatkhah, M.; Alimohamadi, Y.; Moradi, H.; Akbarpour, S.; Akrami, M.; Mansouri, F.; Faraji, N.; Rezaie, Z.; Alizadeh, M.; Hosamirudsari, H. High dose melatonin as an adjuvant therapy in intubated patients with COVID-19: A randomized clinical trial. J. Taibah Univ. Med. Sci., 2022, 17(3), 454-460.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jtumed.2022.04.012] [PMID: 35581997]
[129]
Minich, D.M.; Henning, M.; Darley, C.; Fahoum, M.; Schuler, C.B.; Frame, J. Is melatonin the “next vitamin D”?: A review of emerging science, clinical uses, safety, and dietary supplements. Nutrients, 2022, 14(19), 3934.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu14193934] [PMID: 36235587]
[130]
Page, M.J.; McKenzie, J.E.; Bossuyt, P.M.; Boutron, I.; Hoffmann, T.C.; Mulrow, C.D.; Shamseer, L.; Tetzlaff, J.M.; Moher, D. Updating guidance for reporting systematic reviews: Development of the PRISMA 2020 statement. J. Clin. Epidemiol., 2021, 134, 103-112.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jclinepi.2021.02.003] [PMID: 33577987]
[131]
Hasan, Z.T.; Atrakji, D.M.Q.Y.M.A.A.; Mehuaiden, D.A.K. The effect of melatonin on thrombosis, sepsis and mortality rate in COVID-19 patients. Int. J. Infect. Dis., 2022, 114, 79-84.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijid.2021.10.012] [PMID: 34653660]
[132]
Mousavi, S.A.; Heydari, K.; Mehravaran, H.; Saeedi, M.; Alizadeh-Navaei, R.; Hedayatizadeh-Omran, A.; Shamshirian, A. Melatonin effects on sleep quality and outcomes of COVID-19 patients: An open-label, randomized, controlled trial. J. Med. Virol., 2022, 94(1), 263-271.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmv.27312] [PMID: 34460132]
[133]
Farnoosh, G.; Akbariqomi, M.; Badri, T.; Bagheri, M.; Izadi, M.; Saeedi-Boroujeni, A.; Rezaie, E.; Ghaleh, H.E.G.; Aghamollaei, H.; Fasihi-ramandi, M.; Hassanpour, K.; Alishiri, G. Efficacy of a low dose of melatonin as an adjunctive therapy in hospitalized patients with COVID-19: A randomized, double-blind clinical trial. Arch. Med. Res., 2022, 53(1), 79-85.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.arcmed.2021.06.006] [PMID: 34229896]
[134]
Alizadeh, Z.; Keyhanian, N.; Ghaderkhani, S.; Dashti-Khavidaki, S.; Shokouhi, S.R.; Pourpak, Z. A pilot study on controlling coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) inflammation using melatonin supplement. Iran. J. Allergy Asthma Immunol., 2021, 20(4), 494-499.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.18502/ijaai.v20i4.6959] [PMID: 34418903]
[135]
Lan, S.H.; Lee, H.Z.; Chao, C.M.; Chang, S.P.; Lu, L.C.; Lai, C.C. Efficacy of melatonin in the treatment of patients with COVID-19: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. J. Med. Virol., 2022, 94(5), 2102-2107.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmv.27595] [PMID: 35032042]
[136]
Mazza, M.G.; Palladini, M.; Poletti, S.; Benedetti, F. Post-COVID-19 depressive symptoms: Epidemiology, pathophysiology, and pharmacological treatment. CNS Drugs, 2022, 36(7), 681-702.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40263-022-00931-3] [PMID: 35727534]

Rights & Permissions Print Cite
Article Metrics
20
2
© 2024 Bentham Science Publishers | Privacy Policy