![conference banner](/images/conference-banner.jpeg)
Abstract
Antibiotic resistance can be characterized, in biochemical terms, as an antibiotic’s inability to reach its bacterial target at a concentration that was previously effective. Microbial resistance to different agents can be intrinsic or acquired. Intrinsic resistance occurs due to inherent functional or structural characteristics of the bacteria, such as antibiotic-inactivating enzymes, nonspecific efflux pumps, and permeability barriers. On the other hand, bacteria can acquire resistance mechanisms via horizontal gene transfer in mobile genetic elements such as plasmids. Acquired resistance mechanisms include another category of efflux pumps with more specific substrates, which are plasmid-encoded. Efflux pumps are considered one of the main mechanisms of bacterial resistance to antibiotics and biocides, presenting themselves as integral membrane transporters. They are essential in both bacterial physiology and defense and are responsible for exporting structurally diverse substrates, falling into the following main families: ATP-binding cassette (ABC), multidrug and toxic compound extrusion (MATE), major facilitator superfamily (MFS), small multidrug resistance (SMR) and resistance-nodulation-cell division (RND). The Efflux pumps NorA and Tet(K) of the MFS family, MepA of the MATE family, and MsrA of the ABC family are some examples of specific efflux pumps that act in the extrusion of antibiotics. In this review, we address bacterial efflux pump inhibitors (EPIs), including 1,8-naphthyridine sulfonamide derivatives, given the pre-existing knowledge about the chemical characteristics that favor their biological activity. The modification and emergence of resistance to new EPIs justify further research on this theme, aiming to develop efficient compounds for clinical use.
Keywords: 1, 8-naphthyridines, efflux pump inhibitors, NorA, Staphylococcus aureus, Tet(K), antibiotic resistance.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/cc7127]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/CMR.15.4.647-679.2002]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/molbev/msaa173] [PMID: 32658956]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature02759] [PMID: 15241422]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/pmj.78.918.216] [PMID: 11930024]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrmicro.2017.42] [PMID: 28529326]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jeb.12864] [PMID: 26999656]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fm.2016.10.029] [PMID: 27889161]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0017936] [PMID: 21494333]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/156652409787581637] [PMID: 19275621]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2147/IJN.S169935] [PMID: 30519018]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.aar3777] [PMID: 29773743]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0300985813511131] [PMID: 24318976]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41559-018-0547-x] [PMID: 29686236]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature11514] [PMID: 22992527]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1568026618666180206095224] [PMID: 29412107]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2011.00203] [PMID: 22046172]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1586/14787210.2014.956092] [PMID: 25199988]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/AAC.39.12.2650] [PMID: 8592996]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2012.10.010] [PMID: 23280442]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/AAC.33.9.1535] [PMID: 2817852]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/plas.1993.1045] [PMID: 8234490]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0378-1119(94)00833-E] [PMID: 7883194]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrmicro3380] [PMID: 25435309]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2007.03.004] [PMID: 17382878]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1874285801307010059] [PMID: 23569469]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ddstr.2006.05.005]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1389557517666170510105506]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jac/dkl493] [PMID: 17229832]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1074-5521(00)00126-5] [PMID: 10873842]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1568026620666200704135837] [PMID: 32621719]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bcp.2005.12.008] [PMID: 16427026]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tim.2017.11.005]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrmicro.2017.75] [PMID: 28757648]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.aad3292] [PMID: 26722002]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bcp.2016.09.025] [PMID: 27687641]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0065-2725(06)91004-6]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00471187]
[PMID: 18045063]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00766678]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jm01240a021] [PMID: 14056431]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1464-410X.1964.tb09478.x] [PMID: 14126069]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ardp.201500237] [PMID: 26548568]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acsmedchemlett.5b00159] [PMID: 26396683]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/C3OB42525H] [PMID: 24595428]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/126323]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ejmech.2007.10.010] [PMID: 18045747]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jm00084a019] [PMID: 1552506]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ejmech.2014.08.069]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.intimp.2013.01.011] [PMID: 23370301]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/157018007779422550]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ange.19350484202]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bies.10114] [PMID: 12111724]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/14756366.2015.1016514] [PMID: 25815670]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1542/pir.2017-0224] [PMID: 29858291]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tim.2019.01.008] [PMID: 30846311]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/am.30.3.381-395.1975] [PMID: 810086]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1676-24442007000600005]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1413-86702005000100012] [PMID: 15947850]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(00)04403-2] [PMID: 11418146]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1413-86702003000300008] [PMID: 14499046]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1676-24442001000400004]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/br.37.2.215-257.1973] [PMID: 4578758]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/NEJM199808203390806]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/CMR.00069-15] [PMID: 26960941]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0021-75572005000100007]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1413-86702005000100010] [PMID: 15947848]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/NEJM200101043440102] [PMID: 11136954]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1444-0903.2005.00983.x] [PMID: 16271065]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0036-36342005000500009]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0002-9343(65)90100-2] [PMID: 5833577]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/archinte.1995.00430110069007] [PMID: 7763121]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/archinte.1995.00430150125013] [PMID: 7618988]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1444-0903.2005.00979.x] [PMID: 16271061]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0002-9343(88)80337-1] [PMID: 3400693]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/CMR.00134-14] [PMID: 26016486]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciaa109] [PMID: 32011659]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/microbiolspec.GPP3-0031-2018] [PMID: 30953424]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jdermsci.2006.03.011] [PMID: 16679003]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nm991] [PMID: 14758355]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/mBio.00632-15] [PMID: 26126851]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1473-3099(02)00222-0] [PMID: 11944185]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1084/jem.20031636] [PMID: 14993252]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nm728] [PMID: 12091905]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.164.7.3713] [PMID: 10725730]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1172/JCI0216318] [PMID: 12438444]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1574-6968.1994.tb06828.x] [PMID: 8020742]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrmicro1289] [PMID: 16322743]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijmm.2004.06.016] [PMID: 15493829]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pathogens4040826] [PMID: 26633519]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.meegid.2013.03.013] [PMID: 23541411]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/CMR.13.1.16] [PMID: 10627489]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/AAC.01009-09] [PMID: 19995920]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12272-020-01246-x] [PMID: 32627141]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrdp.2018.33]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cid/cit613] [PMID: 24343827]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41579-018-0147-4] [PMID: 30737488]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/CMR.00002-11] [PMID: 21976606]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mib.2010.08.005] [PMID: 20850375]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mib.2007.08.009] [PMID: 17951101]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1574-6968.2007.00757.x] [PMID: 17490428]
[PMID: 31665441]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0001619] [PMID: 18286176]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijmm.2013.02.009] [PMID: 23499305]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrmicro1614] [PMID: 17277795]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mib.2012.07.004] [PMID: 22954750]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/microbiolspec.MTBP-0006-2016] [PMID: 29350130]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2018.02928] [PMID: 30555448]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c0cc05111j] [PMID: 21286630]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/iub.1289] [PMID: 25044998]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.micpath.2016.10.028] [PMID: 27836760]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pro.2424] [PMID: 24424575]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/AAC.45.1.1-12.2001] [PMID: 11120937]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/AAC.39.3.577] [PMID: 7793855]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/AAC.00131-06] [PMID: 16801432]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/AAC.43.12.2823] [PMID: 10582867]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2958.2005.04754.x] [PMID: 16091044]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics3040572] [PMID: 27025757]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/bi00107a007] [PMID: 1931965]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bj3041021] [PMID: 7818465]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1074/jbc.M111.226936] [PMID: 21597116]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11373-007-9194-y] [PMID: 17657587]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jac/dkt078] [PMID: 23580560]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/nar/gkp575] [PMID: 19589804]
[PMID: 6084703]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/146837a0]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/jmm.0.052555-0] [PMID: 23329317]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1517/14656566.2013.763030] [PMID: 23321047]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/CMR.00036-08]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1368-7646(98)80002-2] [PMID: 16904404]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.addr.2005.04.002] [PMID: 15950313]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pro.2273] [PMID: 23640799]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.drup.2010.08.003] [PMID: 20833577]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/MMBR.67.4.593-656.2003] [PMID: 14665678]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12257-011-0151-2]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1310333110]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijmm.2011.10.001] [PMID: 22226846]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2741/1075] [PMID: 12700103]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jac/dkt044] [PMID: 23478794]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10096-012-1665-z] [PMID: 22706513]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bbapap.2008.10.004] [PMID: 19026770]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.femsle.2005.02.034] [PMID: 15837373]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/AAC.34.8.1611] [PMID: 2221873]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/JB.182.11.3142-3150.2000] [PMID: 10809693]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/AAC.49.1.161-169.2005] [PMID: 15616291]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2958.2008.06424.x] [PMID: 18761689]
[PMID: 15336432]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/AAC.45.5.1550-1552.2001] [PMID: 11302826]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00284-012-0215-3] [PMID: 23143285]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/ncomms3078] [PMID: 23800819]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/mBio.00446-12] [PMID: 23221802]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jac/dku140] [PMID: 24816212]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2958.2004.04449.x] [PMID: 15686558]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1757-4749-4-5] [PMID: 22632036]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/mic.0.045757-0] [PMID: 21148208]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/AAC.36.4.695] [PMID: 1503431]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bbrc.2014.05.090] [PMID: 24878531]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.70.8.2276]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.8153624]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jac/20.3.452] [PMID: 3680083]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1574-6976.2008.00142.x] [PMID: 19054120]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1574-6976.2008.00157.x] [PMID: 19207745]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0006-2952(00)00291-4] [PMID: 10874120]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jac/dkg050] [PMID: 12493781]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.biochem.78.082907.145923] [PMID: 19231985]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/CMR.00051-08] [PMID: 19366916]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jac/dkg225]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/320195] [PMID: 11319692]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10495390600957092] [PMID: 17127523]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/genomeA.00227-12] [PMID: 23409261]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2008.03.017]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1517/17460441.2010.497535] [PMID: 22827799]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2010.11.052] [PMID: 21185072]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0902400106]
[PMID: 11895293]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00249-017-1238-2] [PMID: 28710521]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/CMR.00048-19] [PMID: 32522747]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/AAC.45.2.428-432.2001] [PMID: 11158736]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/AAC.43.5.1301] [PMID: 10223959]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1348-0421.2002.tb02711.x] [PMID: 12153116]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/AAC.31.4.582] [PMID: 3111356]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2009.0320]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2013.00007] [PMID: 23386844]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0168-6445(03)00048-2] [PMID: 12829273]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2958.2000.01926.x] [PMID: 10931319]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.micro.56.012302.161038] [PMID: 12142492]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/IAI.71.8.4250-4259.2003] [PMID: 12874300]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/IAI.69.7.4681-4685.2001] [PMID: 11402016]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/mic.0.26769-0] [PMID: 15073288]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1574-6968.1996.tb07983.x] [PMID: 8595853]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/JB.188.3.1191-1195.2006] [PMID: 16428427]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/MPMI.2004.17.1.43] [PMID: 14714867]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2958.2005.04940.x] [PMID: 16359323]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2958.1995.mmi_17040701.x] [PMID: 8801424]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1462-5822.2005.00671.x] [PMID: 16611233]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1084/jem.20020005] [PMID: 12093875]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/IAI.71.10.5576-5582.2003] [PMID: 14500476]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1101/gad.896801]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00144740] [PMID: 3042445]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/j.1460-2075.1990.tb07606.x] [PMID: 2249654]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/JB.186.23.8137-8143.2004] [PMID: 15547287]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2008.0125] [PMID: 18957379]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.drudis.2007.12.010] [PMID: 18468555]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/MMBR.00001-07] [PMID: 17804667]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bbapap.2008.11.012] [PMID: 19100867]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/204141] [PMID: 25750934]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-biophys-060414-033901] [PMID: 26098515]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.micro.61.080706.093329] [PMID: 18537473]
[PMID: 10941792]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature13205] [PMID: 24747401]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2015.00327] [PMID: 25941524]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/mBio.01982-14] [PMID: 25670776]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/EBC20160064] [PMID: 28258236]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.resmic.2018.01.001] [PMID: 29409983]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/JB.183.19.5639-5644.2001] [PMID: 11544226]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41467-017-01399-2] [PMID: 29109439]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2958.1999.01162.x] [PMID: 9987140]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/AAC.42.7.1778] [PMID: 9661020]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0378-1119(93)90625-D] [PMID: 8486276]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.89.19.8938]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/JB.180.22.6068-6071.1998] [PMID: 9811672]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/AAC.37.4.761] [PMID: 8494372]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1574-6968.1991.tb04870.x] [PMID: 1936950]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1074/jbc.270.12.6856] [PMID: 7896833]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-0691.2004.00763.x] [PMID: 14706082]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2165/11317030-000000000-00000] [PMID: 19678712]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.sbi.2015.07.015] [PMID: 26282926]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2015.00513] [PMID: 26074901]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.resmic.2018.05.003] [PMID: 29787834]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-micro-092412-155718] [PMID: 23808339]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bbamem.2007.02.007] [PMID: 17490609]
[PMID: 21692366]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0005-2728(93)90003-X]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01130216] [PMID: 1823597]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0955-0674(93)90144-F] [PMID: 8257611]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/mr.60.4.575-608.1996] [PMID: 8987357]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/AAC.41.12.2733] [PMID: 9420048]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrmicro1464] [PMID: 16845433]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/156802609789630947] [PMID: 19747119]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jb.175.22.7363-7372.1993] [PMID: 8226684]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jac/dkg249] [PMID: 12730138]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.cb.08.110192.000435] [PMID: 1282354]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/mr.57.4.995-1017.1993] [PMID: 8302219]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tibs.2009.06.004] [PMID: 19748784]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrm2646] [PMID: 19234479]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1074/jbc.271.16.9240] [PMID: 8621583]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.93.20.10668]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1074/jbc.M404072200] [PMID: 15192086]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/AAC.47.8.2413-2417.2003] [PMID: 12878498]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2958.1998.00915.x] [PMID: 9723909]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/jmbi.1994.1472] [PMID: 8051706]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0378-1119(96)00541-0] [PMID: 8996099]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/MMBR.00031-07] [PMID: 18535149]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0924-8579(03)00203-6] [PMID: 13678820]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1074/jbc.271.39.24123] [PMID: 8798651]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1074/jbc.273.28.17933] [PMID: 9651400]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2958.1990.tb00696.x] [PMID: 2233255]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/AAC.46.6.1845-1850.2002]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bj20020957] [PMID: 13678421]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/JB.182.23.6694-6697.2000] [PMID: 11073914]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/JB.185.3.1101-1106.2003] [PMID: 12533487]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jac/dkg126] [PMID: 12615854]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/MMBR.62.1.1-34.1998] [PMID: 9529885]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1742-4658.2012.08588.x]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pro.5560040319] [PMID: 7795534]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/CMR.19.2.382-402.2006] [PMID: 16614254]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jb.172.12.6942-6949.1990] [PMID: 2174864]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0968-0004(93)90081-w]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0959-440X(05)80082-X]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13205-018-1476-8]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/scdb.2000.0246] [PMID: 11428913]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.93.8.3630]
[PMID: 2778425]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2958.1996.01521.x] [PMID: 8971709]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/MMBR.65.2.232-260.2001] [PMID: 11381101]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.addr.2005.04.004] [PMID: 15939505]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jmb.2008.01.056] [PMID: 18295794]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0400137101]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2958.1996.tb02462.x] [PMID: 8730859]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bbamem.2007.08.015] [PMID: 17942072]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/MMBR.64.4.672-693.2000] [PMID: 11104814]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0147-619X(92)90012-Y] [PMID: 1615062]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.200.2.335] [PMID: 9050242]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1471-2148-9-140] [PMID: 19549332]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/AAC.48.9.3332-3337.2004] [PMID: 15328093]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07853890701195262] [PMID: 17457715]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bbapap.2008.10.010] [PMID: 19041958]
[PMID: 11321581]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jb.175.19.6299-6313.1993] [PMID: 8407802]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2958.1995.tb02390.x] [PMID: 7651136]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature01050] [PMID: 12374972]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jmb.2009.04.001] [PMID: 19361527]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1074/jbc.274.15.10517] [PMID: 10187844]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/AAC.39.9.1948] [PMID: 8540696]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-7915.2010.00189.x]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1525143113]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/mdr.2004.10.197] [PMID: 15383162]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jac/42.4.561] [PMID: 9818767]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jac/46.1.145] [PMID: 10882706]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/AAC.37.1.128] [PMID: 8431010]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/AAC.37.5.1086] [PMID: 8517696]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/AAC.38.6.1345] [PMID: 8092836]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/AAC.44.9.2233-2241.2000] [PMID: 10952561]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms20164041] [PMID: 31430864]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2217/fmb.13.16]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/AAC.42.8.2119] [PMID: 9687419]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/infdis/163.5.1080] [PMID: 1850442]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jac/dkn217] [PMID: 18511413]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jac/dkh341] [PMID: 15231765]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/JB.183.7.2367-2371.2001] [PMID: 11244079]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/AAC.00430-07] [PMID: 17576828]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/mic.0.2008/021188-0] [PMID: 18832320]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.6243420]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1054/drup.1998.0068] [PMID: 11504468]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jac/dkf047] [PMID: 12039880]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics7020032] [PMID: 29642475]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.bi.65.070196.003223] [PMID: 8811192]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ardp.201800141] [PMID: 30048015]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1101/gad.9.22.2859]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1074/jbc.272.14.9401] [PMID: 9083078]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0149-2918(00)88266-1] [PMID: 10090423]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jac/41.4.481] [PMID: 9598779]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jac/29.3.245] [PMID: 1592696]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/CMR.5.4.387] [PMID: 1423217]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1574-6976.1996.tb00251.x] [PMID: 8916553]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/AAC.37.11.2270] [PMID: 8285606]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1574-6968.1987.tb02117.x]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/00221287-140-10-2577] [PMID: 8000528]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0378-1135(98)00234-X] [PMID: 9851000]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0147-619X(88)90039-X] [PMID: 2852816]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0147-619X(83)90039-2] [PMID: 6657777]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0092-8674(00)00216-6] [PMID: 11163189]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jb.179.11.3786-3789.1997] [PMID: 9171431]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0021-9258(19)34044-X] [PMID: 2156856]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1074/jbc.M007993200] [PMID: 11278375]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/AAC.49.5.1865-1871.2005] [PMID: 15855508]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/JB.186.1.262-265.2004] [PMID: 14679249]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/AAC.50.4.1276-1281.2006] [PMID: 16569840]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/346362a0] [PMID: 1973824]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0924-8579(03)00218-8] [PMID: 13678826]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/AAC.49.8.3586-3589.2005] [PMID: 16048992]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jac/24.6.851] [PMID: 2559912]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bbrc.2004.01.044] [PMID: 15013441]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/AAC.34.9.1787] [PMID: 2178338]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/BST20051000]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mas.20189]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/CMR.00078-09] [PMID: 20610825]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0022-2836(03)00662-4] [PMID: 12860123]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/35101544] [PMID: 11677599]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2015.03.085]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/AAC.00781-08] [PMID: 19001115]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/15680266113136660223] [PMID: 24200358]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2165/00003495-200464020-00004] [PMID: 14717618]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/157489109787236256]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jac/dkg269] [PMID: 12805267]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/mic.0.069286-0]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1271/bbb.100433] [PMID: 21071837]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2007.10.025] [PMID: 18180147]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/AAC.49.8.3578-3582.2005] [PMID: 16048990]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.molmed.2005.06.006] [PMID: 15996519]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/157489106777452692]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chembiol.2011.02.011] [PMID: 21513882]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/AAC.48.9.3621-3624.2004] [PMID: 15328143]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jm040114b]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1210093109]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1368-7646(02)00051-1] [PMID: 12237079]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bmcl.2003.12.015]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature12300] [PMID: 23812586]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/AAC.01866-13] [PMID: 24247144]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bmc.2015.03.016]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2015.00421] [PMID: 25999939]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/092986711796150469] [PMID: 21651484]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biochi.2005.04.012] [PMID: 15951096]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/AAC.01053-10] [PMID: 21282431]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0135198] [PMID: 26252512]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/AAC.00248-16] [PMID: 26953203]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12275-015-4498-5] [PMID: 25557480]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bjm.2016.01.007] [PMID: 26991296]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/jmm.0.010876-0] [PMID: 19574414]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jac/dkp027] [PMID: 19240073]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2017.00228] [PMID: 28261184]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/CMR.00117-14] [PMID: 25788514]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2008.06.008]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/AAC.45.1.105-116.2001] [PMID: 11120952]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/138945006777709557] [PMID: 16842215]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jac/dkg181] [PMID: 12654744]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/0929867323666160304150522]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2015.00660] [PMID: 26217310]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jm9904598] [PMID: 10585202]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3402/ljm.v6i0.5870] [PMID: 21594004]
[PMID: 11321578]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0018547] [PMID: 21533264]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0060666] [PMID: 23544160]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.micpath.2016.04.003]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.meegid.2020.104370] [PMID: 32445918]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1218348109]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/AAC.03283-14] [PMID: 25114133]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jmb.2017.09.018]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0960-894X(03)00556-0]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bbapap.2008.12.011]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1602472113]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.drudis.2020.07.011] [PMID: 32712312]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jac/dkn088] [PMID: 18334493]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/AAC.48.6.1968-1973.2004] [PMID: 15155186]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jac/dks232] [PMID: 22807321]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bcp.2006.03.024] [PMID: 16674925]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-2004-835860] [PMID: 15643566]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2011.06.039] [PMID: 21782012]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1348-0421.2005.tb03732.x] [PMID: 15840965]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/AAC.00919-08] [PMID: 19258278]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jm010911z] [PMID: 11689091]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ejmech.2008.01.042] [PMID: 18358571]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1124/jpet.102.034728] [PMID: 12130727]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/AAC.50.2.810-812.2006] [PMID: 16436753]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/jmm.0.033167-0] [PMID: 21680766]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/AAC.43.10.2404] [PMID: 10508015]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bmc.2005.09.019]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/AAC.43.2.335]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1099-1573(200003)14:2<139::AID-PTR608>3.0.CO;2-8]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0924-8579(03)00220-6] [PMID: 13678830]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jm201446h] [PMID: 22432682]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jac/dks005] [PMID: 22311936]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jac/dkg044] [PMID: 12493782]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jb.175.15.4927-4929.1993] [PMID: 8335648]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/lam.12424]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules25173788]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jac/dkf224] [PMID: 12461001]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00498250701883753] [PMID: 18668441]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tips.2006.09.001] [PMID: 16996621]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/JB.182.17.4803-4810.2000] [PMID: 10940021]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jb.179.19.6122-6126.1997] [PMID: 9324261]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/JB.01318-12] [PMID: 23042996]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/AAC.47.3.972-978.2003] [PMID: 12604529]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/AAC.40.10.2288] [PMID: 9036831]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1574-6968.2001.tb10794.x] [PMID: 11506922]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/AAC.47.2.719-726.2003] [PMID: 12543683]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1517-83822009000200007] [PMID: 24031352]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2010.06.036] [PMID: 20688487]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1286-4579(00)01307-1] [PMID: 11099939]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/bi00635a022] [PMID: 889813]
[PMID: 17091774]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0000365] [PMID: 17426813]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/138945008785747824]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2011.03.014]
[PMID: 21692367]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/138945008785747734] [PMID: 18781922]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cyto.990170405] [PMID: 7875037]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1754-1611-3-18] [PMID: 19835592]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2007.12.015] [PMID: 18343640]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/mBio.00840-16] [PMID: 27381291]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0005-2787(66)90305-4]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0022-2836(67)90353-1] [PMID: 6033613]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0022-2836(69)90076-X] [PMID: 4897794]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/nar/30.3.656] [PMID: 11809877]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0022-2836(68)90286-6] [PMID: 4296517]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/nar/6.10.3231] [PMID: 482127]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/00221287-54-3-417] [PMID: 4885039]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/138945008785747789] [PMID: 18781920]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0014-5793(76)80648-5] [PMID: 1033085]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1874285801307010072] [PMID: 23589748]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jac/43.1.61] [PMID: 10381102]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jac/28.5.639] [PMID: 1663928]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1070/RC2004v073n07ABEH000856]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1070/RC2000v069n03ABEH000553]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/AAC.39.2.413] [PMID: 7726507]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/AAC.23.5.742] [PMID: 6223579]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jm00369a011] [PMID: 6422043]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/AAC.23.5.641] [PMID: 6575721]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/AAC.46.9.3071-3074.2002] [PMID: 12183275]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1248/bpb.27.641] [PMID: 15133237]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bmcl.2009.06.006]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1248/bpb.19.1457] [PMID: 8951164]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1248/cpb.32.4914]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1248/cpb.28.235] [PMID: 7363372]
[PMID: 18516764]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1517/13543784.2012.699038] [PMID: 22724917]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1517/14656566.2013.799138] [PMID: 23688047]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.18632/oncotarget.195] [PMID: 21317456]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00280-008-0850-3] [PMID: 18931998]
[PMID: 1510798]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bmcl.2004.04.011]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1211/jpp.61.08.0010] [PMID: 19703350]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3892/ijo.2012.1659] [PMID: 23064444]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.4196/kjpp.2013.17.6.517]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3184/174751914X13910886393992]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ejmech.2009.03.015] [PMID: 19361894]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/co500120b] [PMID: 25412896]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bmcl.2010.08.135]
[PMID: 2462630]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jm00119a010] [PMID: 2903244]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jm030306r]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ejmech.2006.10.015]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jm049874c] [PMID: 15369386]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jm00104a013]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jm00395a015] [PMID: 3681897]
[PMID: 1656018]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ja01211a064] [PMID: 20990995]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/CH9841065]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jm020391n] [PMID: 12646025]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pbb.2013.05.006] [PMID: 23680574]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/cbdd.12271] [PMID: 24330585]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/cbdd.12370] [PMID: 24903617]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1248/bpb.25.798] [PMID: 12081151]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0223-5234(99)80099-3]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0223-5234(01)01277-6] [PMID: 11755235]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jhet.5570340520]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0014-827X(00)00085-9] [PMID: 11152241]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0014-827X(01)01075-8] [PMID: 11421260]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-46304-4_45]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4684-1248-2_15] [PMID: 3020930]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0021-9258(19)86714-5] [PMID: 385600]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jps.2600570902] [PMID: 4877188]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3998/ark.5550190.0010.611]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/138161208783877956] [PMID: 18336312]
[PMID: 12678681]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/metabo7030048] [PMID: 28926956]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0002-9394(39)90817-2]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/infdis/81.2.175] [PMID: 20266920]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1084/jem.71.1.13] [PMID: 19870940]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0002-9610(42)90696-2]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3181/00379727-51-13809]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/infdis/66.2.111]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3272904]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00045391-200207000-00009] [PMID: 12115021]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2337/diab.37.7.847] [PMID: 2454858]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jm901902w] [PMID: 20575555]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules26237400] [PMID: 34885981]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jgar.2020.11.027] [PMID: 33385589]
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cmdc.202100282]