Generic placeholder image

Infectious Disorders - Drug Targets

Editor-in-Chief

ISSN (Print): 1871-5265
ISSN (Online): 2212-3989

Mini-Review Article

Interplay between SARS-CoV-2 and Cancer: Plausible Risk Factors, Cellular Immune Responses, Cancer Directed Therapy- Current Challenges

Author(s): Suman Kumar Ray and Sukhes Mukherjee*

Volume 23, Issue 2, 2023

Published on: 28 November, 2022

Article ID: e281022210459 Pages: 5

DOI: 10.2174/1871526523666221028162406

Price: $65

Abstract

COVID-19 has created tremendous societal upheaval, resulting in a global overhaul of healthcare systems. According to new evidence, the COVID-19 pandemic has the potential to aggravate pre-existing inequities, particularly among cancer patients. The COVID-19 pandemic has had a disproportionately negative impact on cancer patients. The unfavorable outcomes in cancer patients who contract COVID-19, the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on cancer care delivery, and the significant disruption of cancer research are all examples of this consequence. On the other hand, patients with cancer are a diverse group, and new research has identified characteristics that allow for risk categorization of cancer patients to optimize care. Variable access to telemedicine, timely diagnosis, and treatment access are all possible drivers of unequal cancer survival as a result of the epidemic. Despite oncology associations presenting guidelines on cancer care during the pandemic, the magnitude of potential therapy advantages, therapeutic purpose, and access to care all play a role in prioritizing cancer medicines. This review focuses on evidence related to COVID-19 and cancer, such as the molecular interactions between the two diseases and practical therapeutic suggestions for cancer patients during the pandemic. We also explore the pandemic's possible long-term influence on cancer care due to its negative impact on cancer research, as well as biological discoveries from the cancer research community that could aid in the development of novel therapeutics for all COVID-19 patients.

Keywords: COVID-19, cancer, pandemic, telemedicine, therapeutic intent, patient care.

Graphical Abstract
[1]
Mukherjee S, Ray SK. A new wave of COVID-19 in 2021 with unique genetic characters -present global scenario and beholding onwards. Infect Disord Drug Targets 2022; 22(6): e010422202932.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1871526522666220401101818] [PMID: 35366784]
[2]
CDC. Certain Medical Conditions and Risk for Severe COVID-19 Illness (CDC). 2020. Available from: https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/need-extra-precautions/people-with-medicalconditions.html [Accessed on: May 21, 2022].
[3]
Kuderer NM, Choueiri TK, Shah DP, et al. Clinical impact of COVID-19 on patients with cancer (CCC19): A cohort study. Lancet 2020; 395(10241): 1907-18.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)31187-9] [PMID: 32473681]
[4]
Giannakoulis VG, Papoutsi E, Siempos II. Effect of cancer onclinical outcomes of patients with COVID-19: A meta-analysis of patient data. JCO Glob Oncol 2020; 6(6): 799-808.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/GO.20.00225] [PMID: 32511066]
[5]
Schrag D, Hershman DL, Basch E. Oncology practice during the COVID-19 pandemic. JAMA 2020; 323(20): 2005-6.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.2020.6236] [PMID: 32282023]
[6]
Liang W, Guan W, Chen R, et al. Cancer patients in SARS-CoV-2 infection: A nationwide analysis in China. Lancet Oncol 2020; 21(3): 335-7.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1470-2045(20)30096-6] [PMID: 32066541]
[7]
Rogado J, Obispo B, Pangua C, et al. Covid-19 transmission, outcome and associated risk factors in cancer patients at the first month of the pandemic in a Spanish hospital in Madrid. Clin Transl Oncol 2020; 22(12): 2364-8.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12094-020-02381-z] [PMID: 32449128 ]
[8]
Stopsack KH, Mucci LA, Antonarakis ES, Nelson PS, Kantoff PW. TMPRSS2 and COVID-19: Serendipity or opportunity for intervention? Cancer Discov 2020; 10(6): 779-82.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/2159-8290.CD-20-0451] [PMID: 32276929]
[9]
Luo J, Rizvi H, Preeshagul IR, et al. COVID-19 in patients with lung cancer. Ann Oncol 2020; 31(10): 1386-96.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.annonc.2020.06.007] [PMID: 32561401]
[10]
Dai M, Liu D, Liu M, et al. Patients with cancer appear more vulnerable to SARS-CoV-2: A multicenter study during the COVID-19 out-break. Cancer Discov 2020; 10(6): 783-91.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/2159-8290.CD-20-0422] [PMID: 32345594]
[11]
Khoshrounejad F, Hamednia M, Mehrjerd A, et al. Telehealth-based services during the COVID-19 pandemic: A systematic review of features and challenges. Front Public Health 2021; 9: 711762.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2021.711762] [PMID: 34350154]
[12]
London JW, Fazio-Eynullayeva E, Palchuk MB, Sankey P, McNair C. Effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on cancer-related patient encoun-ters. JCO Clin Cancer Inform 2020; 4(4): 657-65.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/CCI.20.00068] [PMID: 32716647]
[13]
Fung M, Babik JM. COVID-19 in immunocompromised hosts: What we know so far. Clin Infect Dis 2021; 72(2): 340-50.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciaa863] [PMID: 33501974]
[14]
Swann JB, Smyth MJ. Immune surveillance of tumors. J Clin Invest 2007; 117(5): 1137-46.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1172/JCI31405] [PMID: 17476343]
[15]
Ray SK, Mukherjee S. Current headway in cancer immunotherapy emphasizing the practice of genetically engineered T Cells to target selected tumor antigens. Crit Rev Immunol 2021; 41(1): 23-40.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1615/CritRevImmunol.2020037044] [PMID: 33822523]
[16]
Esfahani K, Roudaia L, Buhlaiga N, Del Rincon SV, Papneja N, Miller WH Jr. A review of cancer immunotherapy: From the past, to the present, to the future. Curr Oncol 2020; 27(12) (Suppl. 2): 87-97.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3747/co.27.5223] [PMID: 32368178]
[17]
Carsetti R, Zaffina S, Piano Mortari E, et al. Different innate and adaptive immune responses to SARS-CoV-2 infection of asymptomatic, mild, and severe cases. Front Immunol 2020; 11: 610300.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2020.610300] [PMID: 33391280]
[18]
Montopoli M, Zumerle S, Vettor R, et al. Androgen-deprivation therapies for prostate cancer and risk of infection by SARS-CoV-2: A population-based study (N = 4532). Ann Oncol 2020; 31(8): 1040-5.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.annonc.2020.04.479] [PMID: 32387456]
[19]
Lara PC, Burgos J, Macias D. Low dose lung radiotherapy for COVID-19 pneumonia. The rationale for a cost-effective anti-inflammatory treatment. Clin Transl Radiat Oncol 2020; 23: 27-9.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ctro.2020.04.006] [PMID: 32373721]
[20]
Derosa L, Melenotte C, Griscelli F, et al. The immuno-oncological challenge of COVID-19. Nat Can 2020; 1(10): 946-64.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s43018-020-00122-3] [PMID: 35121872]
[21]
Au L, Boos LA, Swerdlow A, et al. Cancer, COVID-19, and antiviral immunity: The capture study. Cell 2020; 183(1): 4-10.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2020.09.005] [PMID: 32979319]
[22]
Seth G, Sethi S, Bhattarai S, Saini G, Singh C, Aneja R. SARS-CoV-2 infection in cancer patients: Effects on disease outcomes and patient prognosis. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12(11): 3266.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cancers12113266] [PMID: 33167313]
[23]
Skevaki C, Fragkou PC, Cheng C, Xie M, Renz H. Laboratory characteristics of patients infected with the novel SARS-CoV-2 virus. J Infect 2020; 81(2): 205-12.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jinf.2020.06.039] [PMID: 32579986]
[24]
Han Y, Liu D, Li L. PD-1/PD-L1 pathway: Current researches in cancer. Am J Cancer Res 2020; 10(3): 727-42.
[PMID: 32266087]
[25]
Grifoni A, Weiskopf D, Ramirez SI, et al. Targets of T cell responses to SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus in humans with COVID-19 disease and unexposed individuals. Cell 2020; 181(7): 1489-1501.e15.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2020.05.015] [PMID: 32473127]
[26]
Wei J, Luo C, Wang Y, et al. PD-1 silencing impairs the anti-tumor function of chimeric antigen receptor modified T cells by inhibiting proliferation activity. J Immunother Cancer 2019; 7(1): 209.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s40425-019-0685-y] [PMID: 31391096]
[27]
Nagarkar R, Roy S, Dhondge R, et al. Elective surgical experience during COVID pandemic at a tertiary cancer care centre in India: A retrospective analysis. Indian J Surg Oncol 2021; 12 (Suppl. 2): 257-64.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13193-021-01403-8] [PMID: 34421277]
[28]
Gharzai LA, Resnicow K, An LC, Jagsi R. Perspectives on oncology-specific language during the Coronavirus Disease 2019 Pandemic. JAMA Oncol 2020; 6(9): 1424-8.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jamaoncol.2020.2980] [PMID: 32761102]
[29]
Albiges L, Foulon S, Bayle A, et al. Determinants of the outcomes of patients with cancer infected with SARS-CoV-2: Results from the Gustave Roussy cohort. Nat Can 2020; 1(10): 965-75.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s43018-020-00120-5] [PMID: 35121871]
[30]
Del Valle DM, Kim-Schulze S, Huang HH, et al. An inflammatory cytokine signature predicts COVID-19 severity and survival. Nat Med 2020; 26(10): 1636-43.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41591-020-1051-9] [PMID: 32839624]
[31]
Mehta V, Goel S, Kabarriti R, et al. Case fatality rate of cancer patients with COVID-19 in a New York hospital system. Cancer Discov 2020; 10(7): 935-41.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/2159-8290.CD-20-0516] [PMID: 32357994]
[32]
Asokan I, Rabadia SV, Yang EH. The COVID-19 pandemic and its impact on the cardio-oncology population. Curr Oncol Rep 2020; 22(6): 60.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11912-020-00945-4] [PMID: 32462289]
[33]
Pathania AS, Prathipati P, Abdul BAA, et al. COVID-19 and cancer comorbidity: Therapeutic opportunities and challenges. Theranostics 2021; 11(2): 731-53.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.7150/thno.51471] [PMID: 33391502]
[34]
Rai D, Ranjan AHA, Pandey S. Clinical and laboratory predictors of mortality in COVID-19 infection: A retrospective observational study in a tertiary care hospital of eastern India. Cureus 2021; 13(9): e17660.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.7759/cureus.17660] [PMID: 34646702]
[35]
Gupta A, Madhavan MV, Sehgal K, et al. Extrapulmonary manifestations of COVID-19. Nat Med 2020; 26(7): 1017-32.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41591-020-0968-3] [PMID: 32651579]
[36]
Gupta K, Gandhi S, Mebane A III, Singh A, Vishnuvardhan N, Patel E. Cancer patients and COVID-19: Mortality, serious complications, biomarkers, and ways forward. Cancer Treat Res Commun 2021; 26: 100285.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ctarc.2020.100285] [PMID: 33360669]
[37]
Wynants L, Van Calster B, Collins GS, et al. Prediction models for diagnosis and prognosis of COVID-19: Systematic review and critical appraisal. BMJ 2021; 372(236)
[38]
Westblade LF, Brar G, Pinheiro LC, et al. SARS-CoV-2 viral load predicts mortality in patients with and without cancer who are hospitalized with COVID-19. Cancer Cell 2020; 38(5): 661-671.e2.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ccell.2020.09.007] [PMID: 32997958]
[39]
Mukherjee S, Ray SK, Kotnis A, Kanwar JR. Elucidating the role of cardiac biomarkers in COVID-19: A narrative evaluation with clinical standpoints and a pragmatic approach for therapeutics. Curr Cardiol Rev 2022; 18(4): e220222201354.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1573403X18666220222144002] [PMID: 35196971]
[40]
Grivas P, Khaki AR, Wise-Draper TM, et al. Association of clinical factors and recent anticancer therapy with COVID-19 severity among patients with cancer: A report from the COVID-19 and Cancer Consortium. Ann Oncol 2021; 32(6): 787-800.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.annonc.2021.02.024] [PMID: 33746047]
[41]
Florindo HF, Kleiner R, Vaskovich-Koubi D, et al. Immune-mediated approaches against COVID-19. Nat Nanotechnol 2020; 15(8): 630-45.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41565-020-0732-3] [PMID: 32661375]
[42]
Maggi E, Canonica GW, Moretta L. COVID-19: Unanswered questions on immune response and pathogenesis. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2020; 146(1): 18-22.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jaci.2020.05.001] [PMID: 32389590]
[43]
Schultze JL, Aschenbrenner AC. COVID-19 and the human innate immune system. Cell 2021; 184(7): 1671-92.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2021.02.029] [PMID: 33743212]
[44]
Mairhofer M, Kausche L, Kaltenbrunner S, et al. Humoral and cellular immune responses in SARS-CoV-2 mRNA-vaccinated patients with cancer. Cancer Cell 2021; 39(9): 1171-2.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ccell.2021.08.001] [PMID: 34450047]
[45]
Nikolova M, Todorova Y, Emilova R, et al. Induction of humoral and cellular immune responses to COVID‐19 mRNA and vector vac-cines: A prospective cohort study in Bulgarian healthcare workers. J Med Virol 2022; 94(5): 2008-18.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmv.27572] [PMID: 34997611]
[46]
Fendler A, de Vries EGE, GeurtsvanKessel CH, et al. COVID-19 vaccines in patients with cancer: Immunogenicity, efficacy and safety. Nat Rev Clin Oncol 2022; 19(6): 385-401.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41571-022-00610-8] [PMID: 35277694]
[47]
Ray SK, Mukherjee S. From bench side to bed-travelling on a road to get a safe and effective vaccine against COVID-19, day to save the Life. Recent Pat Biotechnol 2022; 16(1): 2-5.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1872208315666211209094457] [PMID: 34886784]
[48]
Mukherjee S, Ray SK. The newfangled upsurge of double mutant SARS-CoV-2 Virus in 2021-current scenario and inspecting ahead. Recent Advances in Anti-Infective Drug Discovery 2021; 16(3): 175-8.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/2772434416666211124150255] [PMID: 34819015]
[49]
Mukherjee S, Ray SK. Challenges in engendering herd immunity to SARS-CoV-2 infection: Possibly impossible but plausibile. Infect Disord Drug Targets 2022; 22(4): e170122200309.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1871526522666220117153838] [PMID: 35040409]
[50]
Lord JM. The effect of aging of the immune system on vaccination responses. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2013; 9(6): 1364-7.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.4161/hv.24696] [PMID: 23584248]

Rights & Permissions Print Cite
© 2024 Bentham Science Publishers | Privacy Policy