Title:Regulatory Mechanisms of Vanillic Acid in Cardiovascular Diseases:
A Review
Volume: 30
Issue: 22
Author(s): Naser-Aldin Lashgari, Nazanin M. Roudsari, Saeideh Momtaz*, Amir H. Abdolghaffari*, Stephen L. Atkin*Amirhossein Sahebkar*
Affiliation:
- Medicinal Plants Research Center, Institute of Medicinal Plants, ACECR, Karaj, Iran
- Toxicology and Diseases Group (TDG), Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center (PSRC), The Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences (TIPS), and Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Gastrointestinal Pharmacology
Interest Group (GPIG), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran
- Department of Toxicology & Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University,
Tehran, Iran
- Medicinal Plants Research Center, Institute of Medicinal Plants, ACECR, Karaj, Iran
- Toxicology and
Diseases Group (TDG), Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center (PSRC), The Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences
(TIPS), and Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Gastrointestinal Pharmacology
Interest Group (GPIG), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran
- School of
Postgraduate Studies and Research, RCSI Medical University of Bahrain, Busaiteen, Kingdom of Bahrain
- Applied
Biomedical Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- Biotechnology Research Center,
Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- School of Medicine,
The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad
University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
Keywords:
Cardiovascular diseases, myocardial infarction, cardiomyopathy, hypertension, atherosclerosis, vanillic acid, inflammation, oxidative stress.
Abstract: Cardiovascular diseases (CVD) are the primary cause of death globally. Activation
of oxidative stress and inflammatory pathways are contributory to the development of CVD.
Pharmacological activities of vanillic acid have been investigated suggesting that they may
have therapeutic utility clinically. Given its phenolic nature, the anti-inflammatory and antioxidant
properties of vanillic acid have been shown to exert potent inhibitory activity against
Adenosine Monophosphate-Activated Protein Kinase (AMPK), Nuclear Factor Kappa B (NF-
κB), the Janus kinase (JAK)/signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT), Nod‐like
receptor family protein (NLRP), Toll-like receptors (TLRs), Mitogen-Activated Signaling Proteins
(MAPK) and Mammalian Target of Rapamycin (mTOR) signaling pathways. Vanillic acid
has been shown to block pro-inflammatory cytokines and suppress inflammatory cascades.
The inhibitory impact of vanillic acid on reactive oxygen species (ROS) and nitric oxygen synthase
(iNOS) expression has also been demonstrated. Vanillic acid reduces oxidative-related
markers such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione (GSH), Heme Oxygenase 1 (HO-1),
and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px). Here, we review the cardioprotective effects and mechanisms
of action of vanillic acid in CVD. Current potential applications of vanillic acid in
CVD are discussed concerning preclinical and clinical studies.