Login Register Cart 0
Generic placeholder image

Drug Delivery Letters

Editor-in-Chief

ISSN (Print): 2210-3031
ISSN (Online): 2210-304X

Back
Journal Home About Journal Editorial Board Journal Insight Current Issue Volumes/Issues
Subscribe
Review Article

Emulgel: An Emerging Approach towards Effective Topical Drug Delivery

Author(s): Parijat Pandey, Neha Minocha, Neelam Vashist, Rashmi Shah, Sapna Saini, Manish Makhija, Deepika Purohit and Dhirender Kaushik*

Volume 12, Issue 4, 2022

Published on: 06 September, 2022

Page: [227 - 242] Pages: 16

DOI: 10.2174/2210303112666220818115231

Price: $65

Open Access Journals Promotions 2
Abstract

Background: During the development of the new formulations, the hydrophobic drugs face many problems leading to poor water solubility and problems related to bioavailability. Topical drug delivery is a popular and unique process that directs the action of various drugs on the skin for the treatment and diagnosis of various diseases and disorders such as urticaria, inflammation, rheumatism, etc. This topical release system is usually used to escape the first-pass metabolism. An emulgel is a superior formulation with combined advantages of both an emulsion and agel. Gel preparations normally offer earlier drug release than other predictable ointments and creams.

Objective: The main aim of this review is to deal with the problems associated with the delivery of hydrophobic drugs and to tackle these problems using an emulgel formulation. Emulgel mainly provides better stability, prolonged local contact, controlled release of drugs with short half-life, and better loading capacity.

Methods: The review was extracted from the searches performed in PubMed, Google Patents, Medline, and Google Scholars, etc. Data from these searches were collected and evaluated to get information about the available literature on the emulgel formulation. The literature obtained was studied thoroughly as per the requirement of the objective of this review.

Results: The details of the emulgel formulation, the advantages and disadvantages associated with it, and the methods for characterization of the formulation are compiled here in this review. Along with this, some reported patents have also been included in this review to conclude the future of emulgel formulation in topical drug delivery.

Conclusion: Emulgel is becoming very popular as a drug delivery system to deliver many antifungal, analgesics, anti-acne, anti-inflammatory drugs, and a number of cosmetics with a wide scope to be explored further. This review article is motivated by the formulation, characterization, patents, and biological activities of emulgel formulation.

Keywords: Emulgel, topical, delivery, hydrophobic drugs, characterization, patents.

Next »
[1]
Joshi, B.; Singh, G.; Rana, A.C.; Saini, S.; Single, V. Emulgel: A comprehensive review on the recent advances in topical drug delivery. Int. Res. J. Pharm, 2011, 2(11), 66-70.
[2]
Li, H.; Yu, Y.; Faraji Dana, S.; Li, B.; Lee, C.Y.; Kang, L. Novel engineered systems for oral, mucosal and transdermal drug delivery. J. Drug Target., 2013, 21(7), 611-629.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/1061186X.2013.805335] [PMID: 23869879]
[3]
Shilakari, G.; Singh, D.; Asthana, A. Novel vesicular carriers for topical drug delivery and their applications. Int. J. Pharm. Sci. Rev. Res., 2013, 21(1), 77-86.
[4]
Alkilani, A.Z.; McCrudden, M.T.C.; Donnelly, R.F. Transdermal drug delivery: Innovative pharmaceutical developments based on disruption of the barrier properties of the stratum corneum. Pharmaceutics, 2015, 7(4), 438-470.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics7040438] [PMID: 26506371]
[5]
Redkar, M.R.; Patil, S.V.; Rukari, T.G. Emulgel: A modern tool for topical drug delivery. World J. Pharm. Res., 2019, 8(4), 586-597.
[6]
Ruela, A.L.M.; Perissinato, A.G.; Lino, M.E.S.; Mudrik, P.S.; Pereira, G.R. Evaluation of skin absorption of drugs from topical and transdermal formulations. Braz. J. Pharm. Sci., 2016, 52(3), 527-544.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1984-82502016000300018]
[7]
Pünnel, L.C.; Lunter, D.J. Film forming systems for dermal drug delivery. Pharmaceutics, 2021, 13(7), 932-951.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics13070932] [PMID: 34201668]
[8]
Sharadha, M.; Gowda, D.V.; Gupta, V.; Akhila, A.R. An overview on topical drug delivery system - Updated review. Int. J. Res. Pharm. Sci, 2020, 11(1), 368-385.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.26452/ijrps.v11i1.1831]
[9]
Sonaje, S.P.; Gondkar, B.S.; Saudagar, B.R. Gellified emulsion: A new born formulation for topical delivery of hydrophobic drugs. World J. Pharm. Pharm. Sci., 2013, 3, 233-251.
[10]
Ambhore, N.P.; Dandagi, P.M.; Gadad, A.P.; Mandora, P. Formulation and characterization of tapentadol loaded emulgel for topical application. Indian J. Pharm. Education Res, 2017, 51(4), 525-535.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.5530/ijper.51.4.81]
[11]
Phad, A.R.; Dilip, N.T.; Ganapathy, R.S. Emulgel: A comprehensive review for topical delivery of hydrophobic drugs. Asian J. Pharm., 2018, 12(2), S382-S393.
[12]
Chang, R.K.; Raw, A.; Lionberger, R.; Yu, L. Generic development of topical dermatologic products: Formulation development, process development, and testing of topical dermatologic products. AAPS J., 2013, 15(1), 41-52.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1208/s12248-012-9411-0] [PMID: 23054971]
[13]
Mulye, S.P.; Wadkar, K.A.; Kondawar, M.S. Formulation development and evaluation of indomethacin emulgel. Pharm. Sin., 2013, 4, 31-45.
[14]
Nicoll, P.A.; Cortese, T.A., Jr The physiology of skin. Annu. Rev. Physiol., 1972, 34(1), 177-203.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ph.34.030172.001141] [PMID: 4551829]
[15]
Kirsten, N. What are the largest organs in your body. February 18, 2020. Available from: https://www.healthline.com/health/largest-organs-in-the-body (Accessed March 31, 2020).
[16]
Boer, M.; Duchnik, E.; Maleszka, R.; Marchlewicz, M. Structural and biophysical characteristics of human skin in maintaining proper epidermal barrier function. Postepy Dermatol. Alergol., 2016, 33(1), 1-5.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.5114/pdia.2015.48037] [PMID: 26985171]
[17]
Baker, L.B. Physiology of sweat gland function: The roles of sweating and sweat composition in human health. Temperature, 2019, 6(3), 211-259.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/23328940.2019.1632145] [PMID: 31608304]
[18]
Ali, S.; Shabbir, M.; Shahid, N. The structure of skin and transdermal drug delivery system- A review. Res. J. Pharm. Tech, 2015, 8(2), 103-109.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.5958/0974-360X.2015.00019.0]
[19]
Neupane, R.; Boddu, S.H.S.; Renukuntla, J.; Babu, R.J.; Tiwari, A.K. Alternatives to biological skin in permeation studies: Current trends and possibilities. Pharmaceutics, 2020, 12(2), 1-25.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics12020152] [PMID: 32070011]
[20]
Bonifant, H.; Holloway, S. A review of the effects of ageing on skin integrity and wound healing. Br. J. Community Nurs., 2019, 24(Sup3), S28-S33.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.12968/bjcn.2019.24.Sup3.S28] [PMID: 30817191]
[21]
Das, C.; Olmsted, P.D. The physics of stratum corneum lipid membranes. Philos. Trans.- Royal Soc., Math. Phys. Eng. Sci., 2016, 374(2072), 1-16.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2015.0126] [PMID: 27298438]
[22]
Malvey, S.; Rao, J.V.; Arumugam, K.M. Transdermal drug delivery system: A mini review. Pharm. Innov. J., 2019, 8(1), 181-197.
[23]
Jaitley, S.; Saraswathi, T. Pathophysiology of langerhans cells. J. Oral Maxillofac. Pathol., 2012, 16(2), 239-244.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/0973-029X.99077] [PMID: 22923897]
[24]
Stewart, E.; Ajao, M.S.; Ihunwo, A.O. Histology and ultrastructure of transitional changes in skin morphology in the juvenile and adult four-striped mouse (Rhabdomys pumilio). ScientificWorldJournal, 2013, 2013, 259680.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/259680] [PMID: 24288469]
[25]
Karim, N.; Phinney, B.S.; Salemi, M.; Wu, P.W.; Naeem, M.; Rice, R.H. Human stratum corneum proteomics reveals cross linking of a broad spectrum of proteins in cornified envelopes. Exp. Dermatol., 2019, 28(5), 618-622.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/exd.13925] [PMID: 30916809]
[26]
Prost, S.C.; Fraitag, S.; Heller, M.; Boehm, N. [Functional histology of dermis]. Ann. Dermatol. Venereol., 2008, 135(1), S5-S20.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0151-9638(08)70206-0] [PMID: 18442658]
[27]
Metcalfe, A.D.; Ferguson, M.W.J. Tissue engineering of replacement skin: The crossroads of biomaterials, wound healing, embryonic development, stem cells and regeneration. J. R. Soc. Interface, 2007, 4(14), 413-437.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsif.2006.0179] [PMID: 17251138]
[28]
Nguyen, A.V.; Soulika, A.M. The dynamics of the skin’s immune system. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 2019, 20(8), 1-53.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms20081811] [PMID: 31013709]
[29]
Rittié, L. Cellular mechanisms of skin repair in humans and other mammals. J. Cell Commun. Signal., 2016, 10(2), 103-120.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12079-016-0330-1] [PMID: 27170326]
[30]
Driskell, R.R.; Jahoda, C.A.B.; Chuong, C-M.; Watt, F.M.; Horsley, V. Defining dermal adipose tissue. Exp. Dermatol., 2014, 23(9), 629-631.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/exd.12450] [PMID: 24841073]
[31]
Yousef, H.; Miao, J.H.; Alhajj, M.; Badri, T. Histology, Skin Appendages. [Updated 2022 Apr 28]. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2022. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK482237/
[32]
Prausnitz, M.R.; Langer, R. Transdermal drug delivery. Nat. Biotechnol., 2008, 26(11), 1261-1268.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nbt.1504] [PMID: 18997767]
[33]
Morrow, D.I.J.; McCarron, P.A.; Woolfson, A.D.; Donnelly, R.F. Innovative strategies for enhancing topical and transdermal drug delivery. The Open Drug Deliv. J., 2019, 107(1), 36-59.
[34]
Haque, T.; Talukder, M.M.U. Chemical enhancer: A simplistic way to modulate barrier function of the stratum corneum. Adv. Pharm. Bull., 2018, 8(2), 169-179.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.15171/apb.2018.021] [PMID: 30023318]
[35]
Darvishha, S.; Amiri, S. dermal insulin delivery based on polymeric systems. Int. J. Polym. Mater., 2019, 68(18), 1118-1132.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00914037.2018.1534113]
[36]
Zsikó, S.; Csányi, E.; Kovács, A.; Budai, S.M.; Gácsi, A.; Berkó, S. Methods to evaluate skin penetration in vitro. Sci. Pharm., 2019, 87(19), 1-21.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/scipharm87030019]
[37]
Osborne, D.W.; Musakhanian, J. Skin penetration and permeation properties of transcutolneat or diluted mixtures. AAPS PharmSciTech, 2018, 19(8), 3512-3533.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1208/s12249-018-1196-8] [PMID: 30421383]
[38]
Hagen, M.; Baker, M. Skin penetration and tissue permeation after topical administration of diclofenac. Curr. Med. Res. Opin., 2017, 33(9), 1623-1634.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03007995.2017.1352497] [PMID: 28681621]
[39]
Laksitorini, M.; Prasasty, V.D.; Kiptoo, P.K.; Siahaan, T.J. Pathways and progress in improving drug delivery through the intestinal mucosa and blood brain barriers. Ther. Deliv., 2014, 5(10), 1143-1163.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.4155/tde.14.67] [PMID: 25418271]
[40]
Man, A.L.; Prieto, M.E.; Nicoletti, C. Improving M cell mediated transport across mucosal barriers: Do certain bacteria hold the keys? Immunology, 2004, 113(1), 15-22.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2567.2004.01964.x] [PMID: 15312131]
[41]
Liu, X.; Grice, J.E.; Lademann, J.; Otberg, N.; Trauer, S.; Patzelt, A.; Roberts, M.S. Hair follicles contribute significantly to penetration through human skin only at times soon after application as a solvent deposited solid in man. Br. J. Clin. Pharmacol., 2011, 72(5), 768-774.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2125.2011.04022.x] [PMID: 21599723]
[42]
Sah, S.K.; Badola, A.; Nayak, B.K. Emulgel: Magnifying the application of topical drug delivery. Ind.J. Pharm. Biol. Res., 2017, 5(1), 25-33.
[43]
Sah, S.K.; Badola, A.; Nayak, B.N. Emulgel: Magnifying the application of topical drug delivery. Indian J. Pharm. Biol. Res, 2017, 5(1), 25-33.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.30750/ijpbr.5.1.4]
[44]
Liu, W.; Yang, X.L.; Ho, W.S. Preparation of uniform sized multiple emulsions and micro/nano particulates for drug delivery by membrane emulsification. J. Pharm. Sci., 2011, 100(1), 75-93.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jps.22272] [PMID: 20589949]
[45]
Magbool, F.F.; Elnima, E.I.; Shayoub, M.E.; Hamedelniel, E.I. Design, formulation, and evaluation of carbopol 940 and xanthan gum as gel bases for oral local drug delivery for oral mucosal infectious diseases. Eur. J. Biomed. Pharm. Sci, 2018, 5(10), 9-21.
[46]
Parhi, R. Cross linked hydrogel for pharmaceutical applications: A review. Adv. Pharm. Bull., 2017, 7(4), 515-530.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.15171/apb.2017.064] [PMID: 29399542]
[47]
Sabu, K.R.; Basarkar, G.D. Formulation, development and in-vitro evaluation of terbinafine hydrochloride emulgel for topical fungal infection. Int. J. Pharm. Sci. Rev. Res., 2013, 21, 168-173.
[48]
Bhoyar, N.; Giri, T.K.; Tripathi, D.K.; Alexender, A.; Ajzzuddin, A. Recent advances in novel drug delivery system through gels. J. Pharm. Allied Health Sci, 2012, 2(2), 21-39.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3923/jpahs.2012.21.39]
[49]
Berdey, I.I.; Vout, O.I. Rheological properties of emulgel formulations based on different gelling agent. The pharm. Innov. J., 2016, 5(4), 76-79.
[50]
Arora, R.; Khan, R.; Ojha, A.; Upadhyaya, K.; Chopra, H. Emulgel: A novel approach for hydrophobic drugs. Int. J. Pharm. Bio. Sci, 2017, 7(3), 43-60.
[51]
Ashara, K.; Soniwala, M.; Shah, K. Emulgel: A novel drug delivery system. J. Pak. Assoc. Dermatol., 2016, 26(3), 244-249.
[52]
Abd, E.; Yousef, S.A.; Pastore, M.N.; Telaprolu, K.; Mohammed, Y.H.; Namjoshi, S.; Grice, J.E.; Roberts, M.S. Skin models for the testing of transdermal drugs. Clin. Pharmacol., 2016, 8, 163-176.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2147/CPAA.S64788] [PMID: 27799831]
[53]
Torregrosa, A.; Ochoa-Andrade, A.T.; Parente, M.E.; Vidarte, A.; Guarinoni, G.; Savio, E. Development of an emulgel for the treatment of rosacea using quality by design approach. Drug Dev. Ind. Pharm., 2020, 46(2), 296-308.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03639045.2020.1717515] [PMID: 31944126]
[54]
Jain, S.K.; Bajapi, P.; Modi, S.K.; Gupta, P. A review on emulgel, as a novel trend in topical drug delivery system. Recent Trends Pharm. Sci. Res., 2019, 1(2), 30-39.
[55]
Thomas, J.; Kuppuswamy, S.; Sahib, A.A.; Benedict, A.; George, E. A review on emulgel as a current trend in topical drug delivery system. Int. J. Pharm. Pharm. Res., 2017, 9(3), 273-281.
[56]
Kale, S.N.; Deore, S.L. Emulsion micro emulsion and nano emulsion: A review. Sys. Rev. Pharm., 2017, 8(1), 39-47.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.5530/srp.2017.1.8]
[57]
Coneac, G.; Vlaia, V.; Olariu, I.; Muţ, A.M.; Anghel, D.F.; Ilie, C.; Popoiu, C.; Lupuleasa, D.; Vlaia, L. Development and evaluation of new microemulsion-based hydrogel formulations for topical delivery of fluconazole. AAPS PharmSciTech, 2015, 16(4), 889-904.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1208/s12249-014-0275-8] [PMID: 25591952]
[58]
Vats, S.; Saxena, C.; Easwari, T.S.; Shukla, V.K. Emulsion based gel technique: Novel approach for enhancing topical drug delivery of hydrophobic drugs. Int. J. Pharm. Res., 2014, 3(2), 649-660.
[59]
Gousia, B.S.; Chetty, M.C.; Kumar, V.V.; Pavithra, B.; Akhila, B.; Gayathri, C.; Ruksar, S.; Sravani, T. A review on emulgel - A novel approach for topical drug delivery. Asian J. Pharm. Res. Devel., 2019, 7(2), 70-77.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.22270/ajprd.v7i2.477]
[60]
Mehta, D.P.; Rathod, H.J.; Shah, D.P.; Shah, D.N. A review on microemulsion based gel: A recent approach for topical drug delivery system. Res. J. Pharm. Tech., 2015, 8(2), 118-126.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.5958/0974-360X.2015.00021.9]
[61]
Hardenia, A.; Jayronia, S.; Jain, S. Emulgel: An emergent tool in topical drug delivery. Int. J. Pharm. Sci. Res., 2014, 5(5), 1653-1660.
[62]
Jagdale, S.; Pawar, S. Gellified emulsion of ofloxacin for transdermal drug delivery system. Adv. Pharm. Bull., 2017, 7(2), 229-239.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.15171/apb.2017.028] [PMID: 28761825]
[63]
Mohamed, M.I.; Abdelbary, A.A.; Kandil, S.M.; Mahmoud, T.M. Preparation and evaluation of optimized zolmitriptan niosomal emulgel. Drug Dev. Ind. Pharm., 2019, 45(7), 1157-1167.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03639045.2019.1601737] [PMID: 30919700]
[64]
Shen, Y.; Ling, X.; Jiang, W.; Du, S.; Lu, Y.; Tu, J. Formulation and evaluation of cyclosporin: A emulgel for ocular delivery. Drug Deliv., 2015, 22(7), 911-917.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/10717544.2013.861883] [PMID: 24401095]
[65]
Baibhav, J.; Singh, G.S.; Rana, A.C.; Seema, S.; Singla, V. Emulgel: A comprehensive review on recent advancement on topical drug delivery. Int. Res. J. Pharm., 2011, 2, 66-70.
[66]
Choudhury, H.; Gorain, B.; Pandey, M.; Chatterjee, L.A.; Sengupta, P.; Das, A.; Molugulu, N.; Kesharwani, P. Recent update on nanoemulgel as topical drug delivery system. J. Pharm. Sci., 2017, 106(7), 1736-1751.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.xphs.2017.03.042] [PMID: 28412398]
[67]
Ajazuddin; Alexander, A.; Khichariya, A.; Gupta, S.; Patel, R.J.; Giri, T.K. Recent expansions in an emergent novel drug delivery technology. Emulgel. J. Control. Release, 2013, 171(2), 122-132.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jconrel.2013.06.030]
[68]
Bhowmik, D.; Gopinath, H.; Kumar, P.B.; Duraivel, S.; Kumar, K.P.S. Recent advances in novel topical drug delivery system. Pharma Innov., 2012, 1, 12-31.
[69]
Ashara, K.C.; Paun, J.S.; Soniwala, M.M.; Chavada, J.R.; Mori, N.M. Micro-emulsion based emulgel: A novel topical drug delivery system. Asian Pac. J. Trop. Dis., 2014, 4, 27-32.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S2222-1808(14)60411-4]
[70]
Khunt, D.M.; Mishra, A.D.; Shah, D.R. Formulation design and development of piroxicam emulgel. Int. J. Pharm. Tech. Res., 2012, 4(3), 1332-1344.
[71]
Panwar, A.S.; Upadhyay, N.; Bairagi, M.; Gujar, S.; Darwhekar, G.N.; Jain, D.K. Emulgel: A review. Asian J. Pharm. Life Sci., 2011, 1(3), 333-343.
[72]
Yadav, S.K.; Mishra, M.K.; Tiwari, A.; Shukla, A. Emulgel: A new approach for enhanced topical drug delivery. Int. J. Curr. Pharm. Res., 2017, 9(1), 15-19.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.22159/ijcpr.2017v9i1.16628]
[73]
Leite-Silva, V.R.; De Almeida, M.M.; Fradin, A.; Grice, J.E.; Roberts, M.S. Delivery of drugs applied topically to the skin. Expert. Rev. Dermatol., 2012, 7(4), 383-397.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1586/edm.12.32]
[74]
Chandrashekar, N.S.; Shobha Rani, R.H. Physicochemical and pharmacokinetic parameters in drug selection and loading for transdermal drug delivery. Indian J. Pharm. Sci., 2008, 70(1), 94-96.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/0250-474X.40340] [PMID: 20390089]
[75]
Shokri, J.; Azarmi, S.H.; Fasihi, Z.; Hallaj-Nezhadi, S.; Nokhodchi, A.; Javadzadeh, Y. Effects of various penetration enhancers on percutaneous absorption of piroxicam from emulgels. Res. Pharm. Sci., 2012, 7(4), 225-234.
[PMID: 23248673]
[76]
Pathan, I.B.; Setty, C.M. Chemical penetration enhancers for transdermal drug delivery systems. Trop. J. Pharm. Res., 2009, 8(2), 173-179.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/tjpr.v8i2.44527]
[77]
Rao, M.; Sukre, G.; Aghav, S.; Kumar, M. Optimization of metronidazole emulgel. J. Pharm. (Cairo), 2013, 2013, 501082.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/501082] [PMID: 26555982]
[78]
Sreevidya, V.S. An overview on emulgel. Int. J. Pharm. Phytopharmcol. Res., 2019, 9(1), 92-97.
[79]
Asija, R.; Sharma, R.; Gupta, A. Emulgel: A novel approach to topical drug delivery. J. Biomed. Pharm. Res., 2013, 2(6), 91-94.
[80]
Abitha, M.H.; Mathew, F. Recent advances in topical gel formulation. World J. Clin. Pharmacol. Microbiol. Toxicol., 2015, 1(3), 1-13.
[81]
Ibrahim, N.; Raman, I.; Yusop, M.R. Effects of functional group of non-ionic surfactants on the stability of emulsion. Malays. J. Anal. Sci., 2015, 19(1), 261-267.
[82]
Bolla, P.K.; Clark, B.A.; Juluri, A.; Cheruvu, H.S.; Renukuntla, J. Evaluation of formulation parameters on permeation of ibuprofen from topical formulations using Strat-M® membrane. Pharmaceutics, 2020, 12(2), 1-19.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics12020151] [PMID: 32069850]
[83]
Samala, M.L.; Sridevi, G. Role of polymers as gelling agents in the formulation of emulgels. Polym. Sci., 2016, 2(1), 1-8.
[84]
Jain, A.; Gautam, S.P.; Gupta, Y.; Khambete, H.; Jain, S. Development and characterization of ketoconazole emulgel for topical drug delivery. Pharm. Sin., 2010, 1(3), 221-231.
[85]
Shaik, N.B.; Gera, S.; Kukati, L.; Goverdhanam, H. Formulation and evaluation of emulgel of flurbiprofen. Int. Res. J. Pharm., 2019, 10(8), 68-76.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.7897/2230-8407.1008248]
[86]
Patel, H.M.; Patel, U.B.; Akbari, B.; Piyush, T. Formulation development and evaluation of econazole nitrate topical emulgel. Int. J. Adv. Pharm., 2018, 7(6), 48-56.
[87]
Khalil, Y.I.; Khasraghi, A.H.; Mohammed, E.J. Preparation and evaluation of physical and, rheological properties of clotrimazole emulgel. Iraqi J. Pharm Sci., 2011, 20(2), 19-27.
[88]
Kumar, M.; Shanthi, N.; Mahato, A.K.; Soni, S.; Rajnikanth, P.S. Preparation of luliconazole nanocrystals loaded hydrogel for improvement of dissolution and antifungal activity. Heliyon, 2019, 5(5), e01688-e01698.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2019.e01688] [PMID: 31193099]
[89]
Thakur, N.; Jain, P.; Jain, V. Formulation development and evaluation of transferosomal gel. J. Drug Deliv. Ther., 2018, 8(5), 168-177.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.22270/jddt.v8i5.1826]
[90]
Folzer, E.; Gonzalez, D.; Singh, R.; Derendorf, H. Comparison of skin permeability for three diclofenac topical formulations: An in vitro study. Pharmazie, 2014, 69(1), 27-31.
[PMID: 24601219]
[91]
Chavda, V.P.; Patel, J.; Parmar, K.; Nakum, S.; Soniwala, M.M.; Chavda, J.R. Preparation and evaluation of methyl salicylate counter - Irritant emulgel of mefenamic acid. Int. J. Pharm. Med. Res., 2013, 1, 27-32.
[92]
Kumar, S.; Dhiman, D.; Singh, B.; Morya, A. Formulation and evaluation of oxaprozin emulgel. IOSR J. Dent. Med. Sci., 2019, 18(10), 68-73.
[93]
Ghose, A.; Nabi, B.; Rehman, S.; Md, S.; Alhakamy, N.A.; Ahmad, O.A.A.; Baboota, S.; Ali, J. Development and evaluation of polymeric nanosponge hydrogel for terbinafine hydrochloride: Statistical optimization, in vitro and in vivo studies. Polymers (Basel), 2020, 12(12), 2903-2921.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym12122903] [PMID: 33287406]
[94]
Ambala, R.; Vemula, S.K. Formulation and characterization of ketoprofen emulgels. J. Appl. Pharm. Sci., 2015, 5(7), 112-117.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.7324/JAPS.2015.50717]
[95]
Kapadiya, B.; Gohil, D.; Patel, D.; Patel, S.; Aundhia, C.; Shah, N.; Pandya, K.; Shah, C. Formulation and evaluation of spironolactone loaded emulgel for topical application. J. Pharm. Sci. Biosci. Res., 2016, 6(5), 740-752.
[96]
Ghodekar, S.V.; Chaudhari, S.P.; Ratnaparakhi, M.P. Development and characterization of silver sulphadiazine emulgel for topical drug delivery. Int. J. Pharm. Pharm. Sci., 2012, 4, 305-316.
[97]
Jelvehgari, M.; Montazam, H. Evaluation of mechanical and rheological properties of metronidazole gel as local delivery system. Arch. Pharm. Res., 2011, 34(6), 931-940.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12272-011-0610-5] [PMID: 21725814]
[98]
Upadhyaya, S.; Chauhanbisht, S.; Kothiyal, P. A novel approach for topical delivery of hydrophobic drugs. Indian J. Nov. Drug Deliv., 2014, 6(3), 190-197.
[99]
Vegunta, P.; Priya, T.G.; Kumudhavalli, S.; Monisha, S.; Mayavathi, P. Emulgel- A topical drug delivery system. World J. Pharm. Res., 2016, 5(7), 430-451.
[100]
Cho, C.W.; Kim, D.B.; Shin, S.C. Development of bioadhesive transdermal bupivacaine gels for enhanced local anesthetic action. Iran. J. Pharm. Res., 2012, 11(2), 423-431.
[PMID: 24250466]
[101]
Kabir, A.; Biswas, B.; Rouf, A. Design, fabrication and evaluation of drug release kinetics from aceclofenac matrix tablets using hydroxyl propyl methyl cellulose. Dhaka Uni. J. Pharm. Sci., 2009, 8(1), 23-30.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/dujps.v8i1.5332]
[102]
Kapoor, D.; Vyas, R.B.; Lad, C.; Patel, M.; Lal, B.; Parmar, R. Formulation, development and characterization of emulgel of a NSAIDs. Pharm. Chem. J., 2014, 1(3), 9-16.
[103]
Nikumbh, K.V.; Sevankar, S.G.; Patil, M.P. Formulation development, in vitro and in vivo evaluation of microemulsion-based gel loaded with ketoprofen. Drug Deliv., 2015, 22(4), 509-515.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/10717544.2013.859186] [PMID: 24266589]
[104]
Mwangi, A.N.; Njogu, P.M.; Maru, S.M.; Njuguna, N.M.; Njaria, P.M.; Kiriiri, G.K.; Mathenge, A.W. Meloxicam emulgels for topical management of rheumatism: Formulation development, in vitro and in vivo characterization. Saudi Pharm. J., 2021, 29(4), 351-360.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jsps.2021.03.005] [PMID: 33994830]
[105]
Sainy, J.; Atneriya, U.; Kori, J.L.; Maheshwari, R. Development of an Aloe vera-based emulgel for the topical delivery of desoximetasone. Turk. J. Pharm. Sci., 2021, 18(4), 465-475.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.4274/tjps.galenos.2020.33239] [PMID: 34496553]
[106]
Khan, B.A.; Ali, A.; Hosny, K.M.; Halwani, A.A.; Almehmady, A.M.; Iqbal, M.; Alharbi, W.S.; Abualsunun, W.A.; Bakhaidar, R.B.; Murshid, S.S.A.; Khan, M.K. Carbopol emulgel loaded with ebastine for urticaria: Development, characterization, in vitro and in vivo evaluation. Drug Deliv., 2022, 29(1), 52-61.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10717544.2021.2015483] [PMID: 34962186]
[107]
Akram, M.A.; Khan, B.A.; Khan, M.K.; Alqahtani, A.; Alshahrani, S.M.; Hosny, K.M. Fabrication and characterization of polymeric pharmaceutical emulgel co-loaded with eugenol and linalool for the treatment of Trichophyton rubrum infections. Polymers (Basel), 2021, 13(22), 3904.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym13223904] [PMID: 34833203]
[108]
Kumar, D.; Singh, J.; Antil, M.; Kumar, V. Emulgel-novel topical drug delivery system–A comprehensive review. Int. J. Pharm. Sci. Res., 2016, 7(12), 4733-4742.
[109]
Srivastava, R.; Mishra, M.K.; Patel, A.K.; Singh, A.; Kushwaha, K. An insight of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug mefenamic acid: A review. GSC Biol. Pharm. Sci., 2019, 7(2), 52-59.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.30574/gscbps.2019.7.2.0066]
[110]
Diwan, P.V.R.; Sitaramam, B.S.; Ramakrishna, S.; Raghavan, K.V. Herbal formulation useful as a therapeutic and cosmetic applications for the treatment of general skin disorders. Patent US6200570B1,, 2001.
[111]
Bodnar, T.; Bodrogi, L.; Horvath, E.; Bodrogi, V. Cosmetic and dermatological composition for psoriatic skin, scalp treatment and care. Patent WO2001066079A1, 2001.
[112]
Sintov, A.; Gorodischer, R. Transdermal drug delivery system. Patent WO0209763A2, 2002.
[113]
Sallin, D.; Kienzler, J-L.; Schumann, P.; Ancerewicz, J. Treatment of burns. Patent US20030187069A1, 2003.
[114]
Carrara, D.N.R.; Grenier, A.; Besse, C.; Alberti, I.; Henry, L. Permeation enhancer comprising genus curcuma or germacrone for transdermal and topical administration of active agents. Patent US20050244522 A1, 2005.
[115]
Kaur, K.; Tatke, P.; Dhuru, S. Herbal contraceptive formulation. Patent WO2006082596A2, 2006.
[116]
Carrara, D.N.; Grenier, A.; Decaudin, C.; Rogue, C.; Alberi, I.; Delpy, L. Skin-friendly drug complexes for transdermal administration. Patent US20080138391A1, 2008.
[117]
Surianarayanan, R.; Manral, K.; Saxena, E. Herbal personal care formulation and method of preparing the same. Patent WO2010106417A2, 2010.
[118]
Steiger, M. Topical emulsion-gel composition comprising diclofenac sodium. Patent US7732489B2, 2010.
[119]
Xiu, Y.; Shi, X.; Guo, Z.; Wu, X.; Wang, D.; Ying, J.L. Diclofenac diethylamine emulgel and preparation method thereof. Patent CN102525886, 2013.
[120]
Embil, K.; Figueroa, R.; Dominguez, J.R. Bioadhesive formulations for use in drug delivery. Patent WO2014027006A1, 2014.
[121]
Blanchard, J. Gel for topical delivery of NSAIDs to provide relief of musculoskeletal pain and methods for its preparation. Patent US9012402B1, 2015.
[122]
Kisak, E.; Singh, J. Diclofenac topical formulation. Patent US9168305B2, 2015.
[123]
Huisamen, B.; George, C. Method for treating or enhancing muscle tissue. Patent WO2015140752A1, 2015.
[124]
Bansal, A.K. Composition for relieving pain, stress and insomnia. Patent CA2938375A1, 2015.
[125]
Melikoglu, A.; Nurel, H.; Keskin, F. Herbal formulation for topical wound treatment. Patent EP2896396A1, 2015.
[126]
Johnson, G.; Woodward, E. Topical diclofenac sodium compositions. Patent WO2016038553A1, 2016.
[127]
Davis, A. Topical pharmaceutical formulation. Patent WO2016132159A1, 2016.
[128]
Guerrero, D.Q.; Labat, J.P.M.; Elvira, S.E.M.; Romero, G.V.; Hernández, V.A.T. Pharmaceutical composition in ivermectin emulgel for veterinary use as a promoter system and bio-adhesive in antiparasitic treatment, and method for the production thereof. Patent WO2016024855A1, 2016.
[129]
Schaeffler, A. Delayed-release glucocorticoid treatment of rheumatoid disease. Patent US9504699B2, 2016.
[130]
Tamarkin, D.; Besonov, A.; Eini, M.; Danziger, J. Foam prepared from nanoemulsion and uses. Patent US9539208B2, 2017.
[131]
Olkowski, A.A.; Laarveld, B. Crystalline cellulose gel-based cryptands, surface active agents, emulsions and vesicles. Patent US20170000903A1, 2017.
[132]
Ciotti, S. Methods and compositions for nanoemulsion vaccine formulations. Patent US20170007689A1, 2017.
[133]
Caillet-Bois, F.; Rault, I.; Steiger, M. Topical composition. Patent EP2214642A1, 2017.
[134]
Bakry, A.S.I.; Abbassy, M.A.; Linjawi, A.; Hassan, A.H. Method for debonding of orthodontic metal brackets with eugenol emulgel. Patent US10426576B2, 2019.

Rights & Permissions Print Cite
Article Metrics
40
2
Wayfinder Image
Open Access Journals Promotions
© 2024 Bentham Science Publishers | Privacy Policy