Generic placeholder image

Reviews on Recent Clinical Trials

Editor-in-Chief

ISSN (Print): 1574-8871
ISSN (Online): 1876-1038

Mini-Review Article

Radiotherapy and Breast Reconstruction: What Is the Ideal Timing? A Narrative Review

Author(s): Evanthia Letsiou, Sergios Tsakatikas, George Vakis, Konstantinos Tsapakidis, Nikolaos Charalampakis, Alexandros Diamantis, Antigoni Poultsidi, Dimosthenis Michelakis, Eelco de Bree, Davide Mauri, Nikolaos Tsoukalas, Chrysostomos Antoniades and Maria Tolia*

Volume 17, Issue 2, 2022

Published on: 02 August, 2022

Page: [73 - 85] Pages: 13

DOI: 10.2174/1574887117666220314161609

Price: $65

Open Access Journals Promotions 2
Abstract

Introduction: Women undergoing mastectomy choose to pursue breast reconstruction (BR) in order to reduce their body image distress.Adjuvant chest wall irradiation is associated with a negative cosmetic outcome. The aim of our review was to identify the optimal timing of BR relating to radiotherapy delivery.

Materials and Methods: Using Cochrane Library, Embase, PubMed, Springer, Wanfang and CNKI, we performed a non-systematic review of articles published up to August 2021.

Results: There is no hard evidence in favor of immediate, delayed or 2-stage BR when post-mastectomy radiation is indicated. Immediate and 2-stage BR seem to be valid alternatives to delayed BR.

Conclusions: Further research is essential in order to assess clinician and patient reported aesthetic outcomes and determine the optimal timing of BR in view of post-mastectomy radiotherapy, in breast cancer survivors.

Keywords: Breast, cancer, breast reconstruction, radiotherapy, timing, review.

[2]
Global Cancer Observatory: Cancer Today. Lyon, France: International Agency for Research on Cancer Available from: Https://Gco.Iarc.Fr/Today/Home
[3]
Momenimovahed, Z.; Salehiniya, H. Epidemiological characteristics of and risk factors for breast cancer in the world. Breast Cancer (Dove Med. Press), 2019, 11, 151-164.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2147/BCTT.S176070] [PMID: 31040712]
[4]
McDonald, E.S.; Clark, A.S.; Tchou, J.; Zhang, P.; Freedman, G.M. Clinical diagnosis and management of breast cancer. J. Nucl. Med., 2016, 57(1)(Suppl. 1), 9S-16S.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2967/jnumed.115.157834] [PMID: 26834110]
[5]
Heidari, M.; Shahbazi, S.; Ghodusi, M. Evaluation of body esteem and mental health in patients with breast cancer after mastectomy. J Midlife Health, 2015, 6(4), 173-177.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/0976-7800.172345] [PMID: 26903758]
[6]
Panchal, H; Matros, E Current trends in postmastectomy breast reconstruction. Plast Reconstr Surg, 2017, 140(5S Advances in Breast Reconstruction), 75-13S.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/PRS.0000000000003941] [PMID: 29064917]
[7]
Pomahac, B.; Recht, A.; May, J.W.; Hergrueter, C.A.; Slavin, S.A. New trends in breast cancer management: Is the era of immediate breast recon-struction changing? Ann. Surg., 2006, 244(2), 282-288.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.sla.0000217626.88430.c3] [PMID: 16858192]
[8]
Kronowitz, S.J.; Kuerer, H.M. Advances and surgical decision-making for breast reconstruction. Cancer, 2006, 107(5), 893-907.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cncr.22079] [PMID: 16862569]
[9]
O’Halloran, N.; Lowery, A.; Curran, C. A review of the impact of neoadjuvant chemotherapy on breast surgery practice and outcomes. Clin. Breast Cancer, 2019, 19(5), 377-382.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.clbc.2019.04.011] [PMID: 31227416]
[10]
Ho, A.Y.; Hu, Z.I.; Mehrara, B.J.; Wilkins, E.G. Radiotherapy in the setting of breast reconstruction: types, techniques, and timing. Lancet Oncol., 2017, 18(12), e742-e753.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1470-2045(17)30617-4] [PMID: 29208440]
[11]
Hu, E.; Alderman, A.K. Breast reconstruction. Surg. Clin. North Am., 2007, 87(2), 453-467.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.suc.2007.01.004] [PMID: 17498537]
[12]
Ng, S.K.; Hare, R.M.; Kuang, R.J.; Smith, K.M.; Brown, B.J.; Hunter-Smith, D.J. Breast reconstruction post mastectomy: Patient satisfaction and deci-sion making. Ann. Plast. Surg., 2016, 76(6), 640-644.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/SAP.0000000000000242] [PMID: 25003439]
[13]
Antoniuk, P.M. Breast reconstruction. Obstet. Gynecol. Clin. North Am., 2002, 29(1), 209-223.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0889-8545(03)00063-9] [PMID: 11892868]
[14]
Juhl, A.A.; Christensen, S.; Zachariae, R.; Damsgaard, T.E. Unilateral breast reconstruction after mastectomy - patient satisfaction, aesthetic outcome and quality of life. Acta Oncol., 2017, 56(2), 225-231.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0284186X.2016.1266087] [PMID: 28085525]
[15]
Petit, J.; Rietjens, M.; Garusi, C. Breast reconstructive techniques in cancer patients: Which ones, when to apply, which immediate and long term risks? Crit. Rev. Oncol. Hematol., 2001, 38(3), 231-239.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1040-8428(00)00137-2] [PMID: 11369256]
[16]
Manyam, B.V.; Shah, C.; Woody, N.M. Long-Term outcomes after autologous or tissue expander/implant-based breast reconstruction and postmastectomy radiation for breast cancer. Pract. Radiat. Oncol., 2019, 9(6), e497-e505.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.prro.2019.06.008] [PMID: 31238166]
[17]
Naoum, G.E.; Oladeru, O.T.; Niemierko, A. Optimal breast reconstruction type for patients treated with neoadjuvant chemotherapy, mas-tectomy followed by radiation therapy. Breast Cancer Res. Treat., 2020, 183(1), 127-136.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10549-020-05747-7] [PMID: 32607638]
[18]
Frisell, A.; Lagergren, J.; Halle, M.; de Boniface, J. Risk factors for implant failure following revision surgery in breast cancer patients with a previous immediate implant-based breast reconstruction. Breast Cancer Res. Treat., 2020, 184(3), 977-984.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10549-020-05911-z] [PMID: 32920741]
[19]
Palve, J.S.; Luukkaala, T.H.; Kääriäinen, M.T. Predictive risk factors of complications in different breast reconstruction methods. Breast Cancer Res. Treat., 2020, 182(2), 345-354.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10549-020-05705-3] [PMID: 32468337]
[20]
Yan, C.; Fischer, J.P.; Freedman, G.M. The timing of breast irradiation in two-stage expander/implant breast reconstruction. Breast J., 2016, 22(3), 322-329.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/tbj.12572] [PMID: 26864463]
[21]
Collier, P.; Williams, J.; Edhayan, G.; Kanneganti, K.; Edhayan, E. The effect of timing of postmastectomy radiation on implant-based breast reconstruction: A retrospective comparison of complication outcomes. Am. J. Surg., 2014, 207(3), 408-411.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.amjsurg.2013.09.016] [PMID: 24581765]
[22]
Lipa, J.E.; Qiu, W.; Huang, N.; Alman, B.A.; Pang, C.Y. Pathogenesis of radiation-induced capsular contracture in tissue expander and implant breast reconstruction. Plast. Reconstr. Surg., 2010, 125(2), 437-445.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/PRS.0b013e3181c82d05] [PMID: 20124829]
[23]
Khajuria, A.; Charles, W.N.; Prokopenko, M. Immediate and delayed autologous abdominal microvascular flap breast reconstruction in patients receiving adjuvant, neoadjuvant or no radiotherapy: A meta-analysis of clinical and quality-of-life outcomes. BJS Open, 2020, 4(2), 182-196.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bjs5.50245] [PMID: 32207573]
[24]
Popowich, B.; Kostaras, X.; Temple-Oberle, C. Breast reconstruction after therapeutic or prophylactic mastectomy for breast cancer: A com-parison of guideline recommendations. Eur. J. Surg. Oncol., 2020, 46(6), 1046-1051.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ejso.2020.01.024] [PMID: 32057564]
[25]
Bertozzi, N.; Pesce, M.; Santi, P.; Raposio, E. One-Stage immediate breast reconstruction: A concise review. BioMed Res. Int., 2017, 2017, 6486859.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/6486859] [PMID: 29098159]
[26]
Shea-Budgell, M.; Quan, M.L.; Mehling, B.; Temple-Oberle, C. Breast reconstruction following prophylactic or therapeutic mastectomy for breast cancer: Recommendations from an evidence-based provincial guideline. Plast. Surg. (Oakv.), 2014, 22(2), 103-111.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/229255031402200204] [PMID: 25114623]
[27]
Albornoz, C.R.; Cordeiro, P.G.; Pusic, A.L. Diminishing relative contraindications for immediate breast reconstruction: A multicenter study. J. Am. Coll. Surg., 2014, 219(4), 788-795.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jamcollsurg.2014.05.012] [PMID: 25159019]
[28]
Berry, T.; Brooks, S.; Sydow, N. Complication rates of radiation on tissue expander and autologous tissue breast reconstruction. Ann. Surg. Oncol., 2010, 17(3)(Suppl. 3), 202-210.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1245/s10434-010-1261-3] [PMID: 20853034]
[29]
Barry, M.; Kell, M.R. Radiotherapy and breast reconstruction: A meta-analysis. Breast Cancer Res. Treat., 2011, 127(1), 15-22.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10549-011-1401-x] [PMID: 21336948]
[30]
El-Sabawi, B.; Sosin, M.; Carey, J.N.; Nahabedian, M.Y.; Patel, K.M. Breast reconstruction and adjuvant therapy: A systematic review of surgical outcomes. J. Surg. Oncol., 2015, 112(5), 458-464.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jso.24028] [PMID: 26345465]
[31]
Spear, S.L.; Ducic, I.; Low, M.; Cuoco, F. The effect of radiation on pedicled TRAM flap breast reconstruction: Outcomes and implications. Plast. Reconstr. Surg., 2005, 115(1), 84-95.
[PMID: 15622237]
[32]
Jassem, J. Post-mastectomy radiation therapy after breast reconstruction: Indications, timing and results. Breast, 2017, 34(1)(Suppl. 1), S95-S98.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.breast.2017.06.037] [PMID: 28673536]
[33]
Ascherman, J.A.; Hanasono, M.M.; Newman, M.I.; Hughes, D.B. Implant reconstruction in breast cancer patients treated with radiation therapy. Plast. Reconstr. Surg., 2006, 117(2), 359-365.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.prs.0000201478.64877.87] [PMID: 16462313]
[34]
Schaverien, M.V.; Macmillan, R.D.; McCulley, S.J. Is immediate autologous breast reconstruction with postoperative radiotherapy good prac-tice?: A systematic review of the literature. J. Plast. Reconstr. Aesthet. Surg., 2013, 66(12), 1637-1651.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bjps.2013.06.059] [PMID: 23886555]
[35]
Rogers, N.E.; Allen, R.J. Radiation effects on breast reconstruction with the deep inferior epigastric perforator flap. Plast. Reconstr. Surg., 2002, 109(6), 1919-1924.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00006534-200205000-00022] [PMID: 11994594]
[36]
Garvey, P.B.; Clemens, M.W.; Hoy, A.E. Muscle-sparing TRAM flap does not protect breast reconstruction from postmastectomy radia-tion damage compared with the DIEP flap. Plast. Reconstr. Surg., 2014, 133(2), 223-233.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.prs.0000436845.92623.9a] [PMID: 24469158]
[37]
Motwani, S.B.; Strom, E.A.; Schechter, N.R. The impact of immediate breast reconstruction on the technical delivery of postmastectomy radiotherapy. Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys., 2006, 66(1), 76-82.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrobp.2006.03.040] [PMID: 16765534]
[38]
Sekiguchi, K.; Kawamori, J.; Yamauchi, H. Breast reconstruction and postmastectomy radiotherapy: Complications by type and timing and other problems in radiation oncology. Breast Cancer, 2017, 24(4), 511-520.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12282-017-0754-3] [PMID: 28108966]
[39]
Farhangkhoee, H.; Matros, E.; Disa, J. Trends and concepts in post-mastectomy breast reconstruction. J. Surg. Oncol., 2016, 113(8), 891-894.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jso.24201] [PMID: 26876921]
[40]
Albino, F.P.; Koltz, P.F.; Ling, M.N.; Langstein, H.N. Irradiated autologous breast reconstructions: Effects of patient factors and treatment varia-bles. Plast. Reconstr. Surg., 2010, 126(1), 12-16.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/PRS.0b013e3181da878f] [PMID: 20220558]
[41]
Mirzabeigi, M.N.; Smartt, J.M.; Nelson, J.A.; Fosnot, J.; Serletti, J.M.; Wu, L.C. An assessment of the risks and benefits of immediate autologous breast reconstruction in patients undergoing postmastectomy radiation therapy. Ann. Plast. Surg., 2013, 71(2), 149-155.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/SAP.0b013e31824b3dcc] [PMID: 23542828]
[42]
Chang, E.I.; Liu, T.S.; Festekjian, J.H.; Da Lio, A.L.; Crisera, C.A. Effects of radiation therapy for breast cancer based on type of free flap recon-struction. Plast. Reconstr. Surg., 2013, 131(1), 1e-8e.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/PRS.0b013e3182729d33] [PMID: 23271550]
[43]
Billig, J.; Jagsi, R.; Qi, J. Should immediate autologous breast reconstruction be considered in women who require postmastectomy radi-ation therapy? a prospective analysis of outcomes. Plast. Reconstr. Surg., 2017, 139(6), 1279-1288.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/PRS.0000000000003331] [PMID: 28198770]
[44]
Beugels, J.; Bod, L.; van Kuijk, S.M.J. Complications following immediate compared to delayed deep inferior epigastric artery perforator flap breast reconstructions. Breast Cancer Res. Treat., 2018, 169(2), 349-357.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10549-018-4695-0] [PMID: 29399731]
[45]
Chatterjee, J.S.; Lee, A.; Anderson, W. Effect of postoperative radiotherapy on autologous deep inferior epigastric perforator flap vol-ume after immediate breast reconstruction. Br. J. Surg., 2009, 96(10), 1135-1140.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bjs.6693] [PMID: 19787763]
[46]
Taghizadeh, R.; Moustaki, M.; Harris, S.; Roblin, P.; Farhadi, J. Does post-mastectomy radiotherapy affect the outcome and prevalence of com-plications in immediate DIEP breast reconstruction? A prospective cohort study. J. Plast. Reconstr. Aesthet. Surg., 2015, 68(10), 1379-1385.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bjps.2015.06.003] [PMID: 26210234]
[47]
Dewael, S.; Vandevoort, M.; Fabré, G.; Nanhekhan, L. Immediate versus delayed autologous breast reconstruction: A retrospective matched cohort study of irradiated patients. J. Plast. Reconstr. Aesthet. Surg., 2019, 72(11), 1769-1775.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bjps.2019.05.054] [PMID: 31235319]
[48]
Olinger, T.A.; Berlin, N.L.; Qi, J. Outcomes of immediate implant-based mastectomy reconstruction in women with previous breast ra-diotherapy. Plast. Reconstr. Surg., 2020, 145(6), 1029e-1036e.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/PRS.0000000000006811] [PMID: 32195865]
[49]
Heller, D.R.; Zhuo, H.; Zhang, Y. Surgical outcomes of mastectomy with immediate autologous reconstruction followed by radiation. Ann. Surg. Oncol., 2021, 28(4), 2169-2179.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1245/s10434-020-09122-0] [PMID: 32974699]
[50]
Heiman, A.J.; Gabbireddy, S.R.; Kotamarti, V.S.; Ricci, J.A. A meta-analysis of autologous microsurgical breast reconstruction and timing of adjuvant radiation therapy. J. Reconstr. Microsurg., 2021, 37(4), 336-345.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0040-1716846] [PMID: 32957153]
[51]
Huang, C.J.; Hou, M.F.; Lin, S.D. Comparison of local recurrence and distant metastases between breast cancer patients after postmastec-tomy radiotherapy with and without immediate TRAM flap reconstruction. Plast. Reconstr. Surg., 2006, 118(5), 1079-1086.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.prs.0000220527.35442.44] [PMID: 17016170]
[52]
Wu, Z.Y.; Kim, H.J.; Lee, J.W. Long-term oncologic outcomes of immediate breast reconstruction vs conventional mastectomy alone for breast cancer in the setting of neoadjuvant chemotherapy. JAMA Surg., 2020, 155(12), 1142-1150.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jamasurg.2020.4132] [PMID: 33052412]
[53]
Otte, M.; Nestle-Krämling, C.; Fertsch, S. Conservative mastectomies and Immediate-DElayed AutoLogous (IDEAL) breast reconstruc-tion: The DIEP flap. Gland Surg., 2016, 5(1), 24-31.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3978/j.issn.2227-684X.2015.05.15] [PMID: 26855905]
[54]
Morante, Z.; Ruiz, R.; Araujo, J.M. Impact of the delayed initiation of adjuvant chemotherapy in the outcome of triple negative breast cancer. Plast. Reconstr. Surg., 2020, 144(5), 732-742.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.clbc.2020.09.008]
[55]
Heeg, E.; Harmeling, J.X.; Becherer, B.E.; Marang-van de Mheen, P.J.; Vrancken Peeters, M.T.F.D.; Mureau, M.A.M. Nationwide population-based study of the impact of immediate breast reconstruction after mastectomy on the timing of adjuvant chemotherapy. Br. J. Surg., 2019, 106(12), 1640-1648.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bjs.11300] [PMID: 31386193]
[56]
Shammas, R.L.; Ren, Y.; Thomas, S.M.; Hollenbeck, S.T.; Greenup, R.A.; Blitzblau, R.C. Immediate breast reconstruction allows for the timely initi-ation of postmastectomy radiation therapy. Plast. Reconstr. Surg., 2019, 144(3), 347e-357e.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/PRS.0000000000005899] [PMID: 31460998]
[57]
Teotia, S.S.; Venutolo, C.; Haddock, N.T. Outcomes in patients receiving neoadjuvant chemotherapy undergoing immediate breast reconstruc-tion: Effect of timing, postoperative complications, and delay to radiation therapy. Plast. Reconstr. Surg., 2019, 144(5), 732e-742e.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/PRS.0000000000006112] [PMID: 31688746]
[58]
Kooijman, M.M.L.; Hage, J.J.; Oldenburg, H.S.A.; Stouthard, J.M.; Woerdeman, L.A.E. Surgical complications of skin-sparing mastectomy and im-mediate implant-based breast reconstruction in women concurrently treated with adjuvant chemotherapy for breast cancer. Ann. Plast. Surg., 2021, 86(2), 146-150.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/SAP.0000000000002435] [PMID: 32568758]
[59]
Nakhlis, F.; Regan, M.M.; Chun, Y.S. Patterns of breast reconstruction in patients diagnosed with inflammatory breast cancer: The dana-farber cancer institute’s inflammatory breast cancer program experience. Breast J., 2020, 26(3), 384-390.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/tbj.13509] [PMID: 31448540]
[60]
Tran, N.V.; Chang, D.W.; Gupta, A.; Kroll, S.S.; Robb, G.L. Comparison of immediate and delayed free TRAM flap breast reconstruction in pa-tients receiving postmastectomy radiation therapy. Plast. Reconstr. Surg., 2001, 108(1), 78-82.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00006534-200107000-00013] [PMID: 11420508]
[61]
Evans, G.R.; Schusterman, M.A.; Kroll, S.S. Reconstruction and the radiated breast: Is there a role for implants? Plast. Reconstr. Surg., 1995, 96(5), 1111-1115.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00006534-199510000-00016] [PMID: 7568487]
[62]
Kronowitz, S.J.; Robb, G.L. Radiation therapy and breast reconstruction: A critical review of the literature. Plast. Reconstr. Surg., 2009, 124(2), 395-408.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/PRS.0b013e3181aee987] [PMID: 19644254]
[63]
O’Connell, R.L.; Di Micco, R.; Khabra, K. Comparison of immediate versus delayed DIEP flap reconstruction in women who require postmastectomy radiotherapy. Plast. Reconstr. Surg., 2018, 142(3), 594-605.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/PRS.0000000000004676] [PMID: 29927832]
[64]
Clinical effectiveness unit, the royal college of surgeons of England National Mastectomy and Breast Reconstruction Audit, Fourth Annual Report 2011.
[65]
Harcourt, D.; Rumsey, N. Mastectomy patients’ decision-making for or against immediate breast reconstruction. Psychooncology, 2004, 13(2), 106-115.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pon.711] [PMID: 14872529]
[66]
Overgaard, M.; Hansen, P.S.; Overgaard, J. Postoperative radiotherapy in high-risk premenopausal women with breast cancer who re-ceive adjuvant chemotherapy. Danish breast cancer cooperative group 82b trial. N. Engl. J. Med., 1997, 337(14), 949-955.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/NEJM199710023371401] [PMID: 9395428]
[67]
Ragaz, J.; Jackson, S.M.; Le, N. Adjuvant radiotherapy and chemotherapy in node-positive premenopausal women with breast cancer. N. Engl. J. Med., 1997, 337(14), 956-962.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/NEJM199710023371402] [PMID: 9309100]
[68]
Frasier, L.L.; Holden, S.; Holden, T. Temporal trends in postmastectomy radiation therapy and breast reconstruction associated with changes in national comprehensive cancer network guidelines. JAMA Oncol., 2016, 2(1), 95-101.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jamaoncol.2015.3717] [PMID: 26539936]
[69]
Albornoz, C.R.; Bach, P.B.; Mehrara, B.J. A paradigm shift in U.S. breast reconstruction: Increasing implant rates. Plast. Reconstr. Surg., 2013, 131(1), 15-23.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/PRS.0b013e3182729cde] [PMID: 23271515]
[70]
Cordeiro, P.G.; Albornoz, C.R.; McCormick, B. What is the optimum timing of postmastectomy radiotherapy in two-stage prosthetic re-construction: radiation to the tissue expander or permanent implant? Plast. Reconstr. Surg., 2015, 135(6), 1509-1517.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/PRS.0000000000001278] [PMID: 25742523]
[71]
Santosa, K.B.; Chen, X.; Qi, J. Postmastectomy radiation therapy and two-stage implant-based breast reconstruction: Is there a better time to irradiate? Plast. Reconstr. Surg., 2016, 138(4), 761-769.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/PRS.0000000000002534] [PMID: 27673513]
[72]
Lentz, R.; Ng, R.; Higgins, S.A.; Fusi, S.; Matthew, M.; Kwei, S.L. Radiation therapy and expander-implant breast reconstruction: An analysis of timing and comparison of complications. Ann. Plast. Surg., 2013, 71(3), 269-273.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/SAP.0b013e3182834b63] [PMID: 23788143]
[73]
Anderson, P.R.; Freedman, G.; Nicolaou, N. Postmastectomy chest wall radiation to a temporary tissue expander or permanent breast implant--is there a difference in complication rates? Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys., 2009, 74(1), 81-85.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrobp.2008.06.1940] [PMID: 18823714]
[74]
Chen, J.J.; von Eyben, R.; Gutkin, P.M. Development of a classification tree to predict implant-based reconstruction failure with or with-out postmastectomy radiation therapy for breast cancer. Ann. Surg. Oncol., 2021, 28(3), 1669-1679.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1245/s10434-020-09068-3] [PMID: 32875465]
[75]
Dicuonzo, S.; Leonardi, M.C.; Radice, D. Long-Term results and reconstruction failure in patients receiving postmastectomy radiation therapy with a temporary expander or permanent implant in place. Plast. Reconstr. Surg., 2020, 145(2), 317-327.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/PRS.0000000000006441] [PMID: 31985612]
[76]
Yoon, A.P.; Qi, J.; Kim, H.M. Patient-Reported outcomes after irradiation of tissue expander versus permanent implant in breast recon-struction: A multicenter prospective study. Plast. Reconstr. Surg., 2020, 145(5), 917e-926e.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/PRS.0000000000006724] [PMID: 32332528]
[77]
Nava, M.B.; Pennati, A.E.; Lozza, L.; Spano, A.; Zambetti, M.; Catanuto, G. Outcome of different timings of radiotherapy in implant-based breast reconstructions. Plast. Reconstr. Surg., 2011, 128(2), 353-359.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/PRS.0b013e31821e6c10] [PMID: 21788827]
[78]
Lam, T.C.; Hsieh, F.; Boyages, J. The effects of postmastectomy adjuvant radiotherapy on immediate two-stage prosthetic breast reconstruc-tion: A systematic review. Plast. Reconstr. Surg., 2013, 132(3), 511-518.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/PRS.0b013e31829acc41] [PMID: 23676964]
[79]
Mendenhall, S.D.; Anderson, L.A.; Ying, J. The BREASTrial: Stage I. Outcomes from the time of tissue expander and acellular dermal matrix placement to definitive reconstruction. Plast. Reconstr. Surg., 2015, 135(1), 29e-42e.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/PRS.0000000000000758] [PMID: 25539349]

Rights & Permissions Print Cite
© 2024 Bentham Science Publishers | Privacy Policy