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Letters in Drug Design & Discovery

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ISSN (Print): 1570-1808
ISSN (Online): 1875-628X

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Research Article

Molecular Docking of the Terpenes in Gorgonian Corals to COX-2 and iNOS Enzymes as Anti-Inflammatory

Author(s): Faruk Jayanto Kelutur, Nyi Mekar Saptarini*, Resmi Mustarichie and Dikdik Kurnia

Volume 19, Issue 8, 2022

Published on: 01 February, 2022

Page: [706 - 721] Pages: 16

DOI: 10.2174/1570180819666211227162950

Price: $65

Abstract

Background: Because the inflammatory pathway is triggered by the enzymes cyclooxygenase- 2 (COX-2) and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), inhibitors, such as nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), are needed, although these have side effects. Therefore, the discovery and development of natural medicine as a lead compound are needed. The gorgonian corals have been reported to contain cyclic diterpenes with anti-inflammatory activities. The specific anti-inflammatory inhibitor potential has not been reported regarding these secondary metabolites, whether in COX-2 or iNOS. Thus, the in silico method is the right alternative.

Objective: This study aimed to determine the potency of fifteen terpenes of the various gorgonian corals to COX-2 and iNOS enzymes as an anti-inflammatory.

Methods: Molecular docking was performed using ChemDraw Ultra 12.0, Chem3D Pro 12.0, Biovia Discovery Studio 2016 Client®, Autodock Tools 4.2, prediction pharmacokinetics (Pre-ADMET), and oral administration (Lipinski rule of five).

Results: Potential terpenes based on ΔG (kcal/mol) and Ki (nM) to COX-2 were gyrosanol B (-10,32; 27,15), gyrosanol A (-10,20; 33,57), echinolabdane A (-9,81; 64,76). Only nine terpenes were specific to COX-2 active sites, while for iNOS were palmonine F (-7.76; 2070), briarenol C (-7.55; 2910), and all test compounds binding to the iNOS active sites. Pre-ADMET prediction obtained that HIA was very excellent (70–100%), Caco-2 had moderate permeability (4-70 nm sec-1), and PPB had strong binding (> 90%). Eight terpenes qualified for the Lipinski rule of five.

Conclusion: iNOS was a specific target for terpenes based on the free energy of binding (ΔG).

Keywords: Gorgonians, cyclic diterpenes, anti-inflammatory, in silico, pharmacokinetics, physicochemistry.

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