Abstract
There are currently five (α,β,γ,δ,Ezgr;) classes of carbonic anhydrases (CAs) of which the α-class from mammalian sources has been studied to a much greater extent compared to the other four classes. Yet, CAs other than the α-class are widely distributed in Nature and play important roles in human health, the global carbon cycle, and industrial applications. In aerobic prokaryotes, β-class CAs are implicated in maintaining internal pH and CO2/bicarbonate balances required for biosynthetic reactions. In anaerobic prokaryotes, β- class CAs are implicated in the transport of CO2 and bicarbonate across the cytoplasmic membrane that regulates pH and facilitates acquisition of substrates and product removal required for growth. In phototrophic organisms, β-class CAs are particularly important for transport and concentration of CO2 and bicarbonate for photosynthesis. The δ- and ζ-classes are proposed to function in marine diatoms to concentrate CO2 for photosynthesis. Physiological roles for the γ-class are not as well documented; however, the active site architecture and catalytic mechanism is well understood as are patterns of inhibition by sulfonamides and anions.
Current Pharmaceutical Design
Title: The β and γ Classes of Carbonic Anhydrase
Volume: 14 Issue: 7
Author(s): S. A. Zimmerman and J. G. Ferry
Affiliation:
Abstract: There are currently five (α,β,γ,δ,Ezgr;) classes of carbonic anhydrases (CAs) of which the α-class from mammalian sources has been studied to a much greater extent compared to the other four classes. Yet, CAs other than the α-class are widely distributed in Nature and play important roles in human health, the global carbon cycle, and industrial applications. In aerobic prokaryotes, β-class CAs are implicated in maintaining internal pH and CO2/bicarbonate balances required for biosynthetic reactions. In anaerobic prokaryotes, β- class CAs are implicated in the transport of CO2 and bicarbonate across the cytoplasmic membrane that regulates pH and facilitates acquisition of substrates and product removal required for growth. In phototrophic organisms, β-class CAs are particularly important for transport and concentration of CO2 and bicarbonate for photosynthesis. The δ- and ζ-classes are proposed to function in marine diatoms to concentrate CO2 for photosynthesis. Physiological roles for the γ-class are not as well documented; however, the active site architecture and catalytic mechanism is well understood as are patterns of inhibition by sulfonamides and anions.
Export Options
About this article
Cite this article as:
Zimmerman A. S. and Ferry G. J., The β and γ Classes of Carbonic Anhydrase, Current Pharmaceutical Design 2008; 14 (7) . https://dx.doi.org/10.2174/138161208783877929
DOI https://dx.doi.org/10.2174/138161208783877929 |
Print ISSN 1381-6128 |
Publisher Name Bentham Science Publisher |
Online ISSN 1873-4286 |
Call for Papers in Thematic Issues
Blood-based biomarkers in large-scale screening for neurodegenerative diseases
Disease biomarkers are necessary tools that can be employ in several clinical context of use (COU), ranging from the (early) diagnosis, prognosis, prediction, to monitor of disease state and/or drug efficacy. Regarding neurodegenerative diseases, in particular Alzheimer’s disease (AD), a battery of well-validated biomarkers are available, such as cerebrospinal fluid ...read more
Current Pharmaceutical challenges in the treatment and diagnosis of neurological dysfunctions
Neurological dysfunctions (MND, ALS, MS, PD, AD, HD, ALS, Autism, OCD etc..) present significant challenges in both diagnosis and treatment, often necessitating innovative approaches and therapeutic interventions. This thematic issue aims to explore the current pharmaceutical landscape surrounding neurological disorders, shedding light on the challenges faced by researchers, clinicians, and ...read more
Diabetes mellitus: advances in diagnosis and treatment driving by precision medicine
Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a chronic degenerative metabolic disease with ever increasing prevalence worldwide which is now an epidemic disease affecting 500 million people worldwide. Insufficient insulin secretion from pancreatic β cells unable to maintain blood glucose homeostasis is the main feature of this disease. Multifactorial and complex nature of ...read more
Emerging and re-emerging diseases
Faced with a possible endemic situation of COVID-19, the world has experienced two important phenomena, the emergence of new infectious diseases and/or the resurgence of previously eradicated infectious diseases. Furthermore, the geographic distribution of such diseases has also undergone changes. This context, in turn, may have a strong relationship with ...read more
- Author Guidelines
- Graphical Abstracts
- Fabricating and Stating False Information
- Research Misconduct
- Post Publication Discussions and Corrections
- Publishing Ethics and Rectitude
- Increase Visibility of Your Article
- Archiving Policies
- Peer Review Workflow
- Order Your Article Before Print
- Promote Your Article
- Manuscript Transfer Facility
- Editorial Policies
- Allegations from Whistleblowers
- Announcements
Related Articles
-
Context-Dependent Regulation of Nrf2/ARE Axis on Vascular Cell Function during Hyperglycemic Condition
Current Diabetes Reviews Targeting Th2 Cells in Asthmatic Airways
Current Drug Targets - Inflammation & Allergy An Overview of Phytotherapeutic Approaches for the Treatment of Tuberculosis
Mini-Reviews in Medicinal Chemistry Computational and Experimental Advances in Drug Repositioning for Accelerated Therapeutic Stratification
Current Topics in Medicinal Chemistry Chagas Disease Chemotherapy: What Do We Know So Far?
Current Pharmaceutical Design Methylenetetrahydrofolate Reductase: Biochemical Characterization and Medical Significance
Current Pharmaceutical Design Choosing Optimal Firstline Helicobacter pylori Therapy: a View from a Region with High Rates of Antibiotic Resistance
Current Pharmaceutical Design The Clinical Relevance of Differential Cell Counts in Induced Sputum and its Relationship with Various forms of Asthma
Current Respiratory Medicine Reviews Organophosphorus Compounds: Intervention in Mechanisms of Signal Transduction Relevant to Proliferative, Immunological and Circulatory Disorders
Current Medicinal Chemistry Epidemiology of Candida albicans Infections and Role of Non-Candidaalbicans Yeasts
Current Drug Targets Meet Our Editorial Board Member
Current Medicinal Chemistry Novel and Innovative Approach of Nanotechnology with their Applications in the Management of Infectious Disease, Tuberculosis: An Overview
Recent Patents on Nanotechnology Functionally Engineered Nanosized Particles in Pharmaceutics: Improved Oral Delivery of Poorly Water-soluble Drugs
Current Pharmaceutical Design Synthesis and Anti-Mycobacterial Activity of N-[(E)-(Disubstituted- Phenyl)Methylidene]Isonicotino-Hydrazide Derivatives
Letters in Drug Design & Discovery Alginate Based Nanocarriers for Drug Delivery Applications
Current Pharmaceutical Design Quinolones in the Search for New Anticancer Agents
Current Pharmaceutical Design Exploration of Ion Channels in Mycobacterium tuberculosis: Implication on Drug Discovery and Potent Drug Targets Against Tuberculosis
Current Chemical Biology Targeting Cyclooxygenase and Nitric Oxide Pathway Cross-Talk: A New Signal Transduction Pathway for Developing More Effective Anti- Inflammatory Drugs
Current Signal Transduction Therapy Medicinal Chemistry Perspective of Fused Isoxazole Derivatives
Current Topics in Medicinal Chemistry Synthesis and Evaluation of Novel Substituted N-Aryl 1,4-Dihydropyridines as Antituberculostatic Agents
Medicinal Chemistry