膀胱癌:危险因素，分子和超微结构模式的更新

Title:Bladder Cancer: Update on Risk Factors, Molecular and Ultrastructural Patterns

Volume: 28 Issue: 41

关键词: 膀胱癌，膀胱癌发病机制，危险因素，NMIBC, MIBC，膀胱癌分子途径，膀胱癌组织学分类，免疫组化，PD-L1。

摘要:

Objective: The molecular mechanisms of bladder cancer development and progression are not clear. Bladder cancer is an important focus for epidemiological studies and understanding clinical implications.

Goal: The primary aim of prevention is achieved by limiting exposure to non-genetic risk factors, such as smoking, diet, arsenic in drinking water, or aromatic amines at work or elsewhere. Current therapies for bladder cancer are affected by tumor morphology and associated acquired genetic mutations.

Methods: A literature search was performed using PubMed, Scopus, ResearchGate, Google, MEDLINE, and ScienceDirect databases to find studies of bladder cancer published between 1984 and early 2020. The focus was articles that address epidemiological risk factors and underlying pathophysiological mechanisms. Articles were selected that enabled our review of these factors as well as molecular and structural patterns.

Results: There are multiple views of bladder cancer. The literature offers several novel insights regarding the development and progression of bladder cancer and possible biomarkers that may be useful in clinical and diagnostic practice.

Conclusion: There are several molecular pathways associated with bladder cancer that are frequently updated. In addition, genetic subtypes of bladder tumors are not distinguished clearly which requires future more detailed analysis.

Cite this article as:

Bladder Cancer: Update on Risk Factors, Molecular and Ultrastructural Patterns, Current Medicinal Chemistry 2021; 28 (41) . https://dx.doi.org/10.2174/0929867328666210309111731