Title:Bladder Cancer: Update on Risk Factors, Molecular and Ultrastructural
Patterns
Volume: 28
Issue: 41
Author(s): Liudmila M. Mikhaleva*, Valentina V. Pechnikova, Akhmed M. Pshikhachev, Konstantin A. Rogov, Magomed A. Gusniev, Olga I. Patsap, Olesya A. Vasyukova, Emma P. Akopyan, Ozal Beylerli, Siva G. Somasundaram, Cecil E. Kirkland and Gjumrakch Aliev*
Affiliation:
- Research Institute of Human Morphology, 3 Tsyurupy Street, Moscow117418, Russian Federation
- Research Institute of Human Morphology, 3 Tsyurupy Street, Moscow117418, Russian Federation
- I.M.Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University
(Sechenov University), Moscow, Russia
- GALLY International Research Institute, 7733 Louis Pasteur
Drive, #330, San Antonio, TX78229, USA
Keywords:
Bladder cancer, bladder cancer pathogenesis, risk factors, NMIBC, MIBC, molecular pathways of bladder cancer, histological classification of bladder cancer, immunohistochemistry, PD-L1.
Abstract:
Objective: The molecular mechanisms of bladder cancer development and progression
are not clear. Bladder cancer is an important focus for epidemiological studies
and understanding clinical implications.
Goal: The primary aim of prevention is achieved by limiting exposure to non-genetic
risk factors, such as smoking, diet, arsenic in drinking water, or aromatic amines at work
or elsewhere. Current therapies for bladder cancer are affected by tumor morphology and
associated acquired genetic mutations.
Methods: A literature search was performed using PubMed, Scopus, ResearchGate, Google,
MEDLINE, and ScienceDirect databases to find studies of bladder cancer published
between 1984 and early 2020. The focus was articles that address epidemiological risk
factors and underlying pathophysiological mechanisms. Articles were selected that enabled
our review of these factors as well as molecular and structural patterns.
Results: There are multiple views of bladder cancer. The literature offers several novel insights
regarding the development and progression of bladder cancer and possible biomarkers
that may be useful in clinical and diagnostic practice.
Conclusion: There are several molecular pathways associated with bladder cancer that
are frequently updated. In addition, genetic subtypes of bladder tumors are not distinguished
clearly which requires future more detailed analysis.
