Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2, or COVID-19 virus) is a worldwide pandemic pathogen infecting 210 territories. It belongs to the family coronaviriadae and the order Nidovirales. The SARS-CoV-2 virus is a positive-sense single-stranded RNA enveloped virus that includes spike proteins projecting from the envelope. The spike (S) protein interacts with the human angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptor, which plays a role in the viral entry into the cell. The SARS-CoV-2 virus is zoonotic; the wet animal market where live animals are sold is expected to be the source of infection. It is the third zoonotic coronavirus, after SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV. Transmission of the virus among humans is confirmed by direct contact, droplet infection, fecal-oral, and blood transmission. The symptoms of COVID 19 include fever, dry cough, headache, and difficulty in breathing. COVID 19 complications, including the development of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), acute organ injury, secondary infection, and shock, are common in immunocompromised and elderly patients. Up till now, there is no established treatment for COVID-19, and supportive measures including mechanical ventilation and the use of nonspecific anti-viral therapies such as Remdesevir, Liponavir, and chloroquine, are currently applied in severe cases. Also, until now, there is no approved vaccine for COVID-19. In this review, we have provided an update on the SARS-COV2 virus, focusing on the epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical presentations, treatment options, and preventive measures associated with COVID-19 cases.
Keywords: COVID-19, coronavirus, SARS-COV2, pandemic, pathogenesis, diagnosis, management.
Current Pharmaceutical Design
Title:Clinical Review of COVID-19; Pathogenesis, Diagnosis, and Management
Volume: 27 Issue: 41
Author(s): Hussien Ahmed H. Abdelgawad*, Ahmed Sayed, Malak Munir, Mostafa H. Elberry, Ibrahim M. Sayed, Md. Amjad Kamal, Ahmed Negida, Mahmoud A. Ebada and Eshak I. Bahbah*
Affiliation:
- Clinical Research Management Program, Edson College, Arizona State University, Arizone,United States
- School of Medicine, Al-Azhar University, Damietta,Egypt
Keywords: COVID-19, coronavirus, SARS-COV2, pandemic, pathogenesis, diagnosis, management.
Abstract: Severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2, or COVID-19 virus) is a worldwide pandemic pathogen infecting 210 territories. It belongs to the family coronaviriadae and the order Nidovirales. The SARS-CoV-2 virus is a positive-sense single-stranded RNA enveloped virus that includes spike proteins projecting from the envelope. The spike (S) protein interacts with the human angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptor, which plays a role in the viral entry into the cell. The SARS-CoV-2 virus is zoonotic; the wet animal market where live animals are sold is expected to be the source of infection. It is the third zoonotic coronavirus, after SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV. Transmission of the virus among humans is confirmed by direct contact, droplet infection, fecal-oral, and blood transmission. The symptoms of COVID 19 include fever, dry cough, headache, and difficulty in breathing. COVID 19 complications, including the development of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), acute organ injury, secondary infection, and shock, are common in immunocompromised and elderly patients. Up till now, there is no established treatment for COVID-19, and supportive measures including mechanical ventilation and the use of nonspecific anti-viral therapies such as Remdesevir, Liponavir, and chloroquine, are currently applied in severe cases. Also, until now, there is no approved vaccine for COVID-19. In this review, we have provided an update on the SARS-COV2 virus, focusing on the epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical presentations, treatment options, and preventive measures associated with COVID-19 cases.
Export Options
About this article
Cite this article as:
Abdelgawad Ahmed H. Hussien*, Sayed Ahmed , Munir Malak , Elberry H. Mostafa , Sayed M. Ibrahim , Kamal Amjad Md., Negida Ahmed , Ebada A. Mahmoud and Bahbah I. Eshak*, Clinical Review of COVID-19; Pathogenesis, Diagnosis, and Management, Current Pharmaceutical Design 2021; 27 (41) . https://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1381612826666201222162509
DOI https://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1381612826666201222162509 |
Print ISSN 1381-6128 |
Publisher Name Bentham Science Publisher |
Online ISSN 1873-4286 |
Call for Papers in Thematic Issues
Blood-based biomarkers in large-scale screening for neurodegenerative diseases
Disease biomarkers are necessary tools that can be employ in several clinical context of use (COU), ranging from the (early) diagnosis, prognosis, prediction, to monitor of disease state and/or drug efficacy. Regarding neurodegenerative diseases, in particular Alzheimer’s disease (AD), a battery of well-validated biomarkers are available, such as cerebrospinal fluid ...read more
Current Pharmaceutical challenges in the treatment and diagnosis of neurological dysfunctions
Neurological dysfunctions (MND, ALS, MS, PD, AD, HD, ALS, Autism, OCD etc..) present significant challenges in both diagnosis and treatment, often necessitating innovative approaches and therapeutic interventions. This thematic issue aims to explore the current pharmaceutical landscape surrounding neurological disorders, shedding light on the challenges faced by researchers, clinicians, and ...read more
Diabetes mellitus: advances in diagnosis and treatment driving by precision medicine
Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a chronic degenerative metabolic disease with ever increasing prevalence worldwide which is now an epidemic disease affecting 500 million people worldwide. Insufficient insulin secretion from pancreatic β cells unable to maintain blood glucose homeostasis is the main feature of this disease. Multifactorial and complex nature of ...read more
Emerging and re-emerging diseases
Faced with a possible endemic situation of COVID-19, the world has experienced two important phenomena, the emergence of new infectious diseases and/or the resurgence of previously eradicated infectious diseases. Furthermore, the geographic distribution of such diseases has also undergone changes. This context, in turn, may have a strong relationship with ...read more
- Author Guidelines
- Graphical Abstracts
- Fabricating and Stating False Information
- Research Misconduct
- Post Publication Discussions and Corrections
- Publishing Ethics and Rectitude
- Increase Visibility of Your Article
- Archiving Policies
- Peer Review Workflow
- Order Your Article Before Print
- Promote Your Article
- Manuscript Transfer Facility
- Editorial Policies
- Allegations from Whistleblowers
- Announcements
Related Articles
-
The Diagnostic and Prognostic Value of Brain Natriuretic Peptide and Aminoterminal (nt)-pro Brain Natriuretic Peptide
Current Pharmaceutical Design Dysregulation of Glycogen Synthase Kinase-3 in Skeletal Muscle and the Etiology of Insulin Resistance and Type 2 Diabetes
Current Diabetes Reviews Phenotyping and Genotyping of the Ryanodine Receptor-Associated Genetic Diseases Using Peripheral Lymphocytes
Current Pharmacogenomics Mitochondrial Uncoupler Proteins
Current Enzyme Inhibition Editorial:Circulating Biomarkers in Cardiovascular Diseases – A Field of Theoretical Research or Realistic Clinical Application?
Current Pharmaceutical Biotechnology Chlorpyrifos with Age-Dependent Effects in Cardiac Tissue of Male Rats
Current Molecular Pharmacology LncRNA PVT1 as a Novel Biomarker for Diabetes-related Complications
Current Medicinal Chemistry ADAM17 as a Therapeutic Target in Multiple Diseases
Current Pharmaceutical Design Amino Acid and Polyamine Membrane Transporters in Trypanosoma cruzi: Biological Function and Evaluation as Drug Targets
Current Medicinal Chemistry Designing Novel Therapies Against Sarcomas in the Era of Personalized Medicine and Economic Crisis
Current Pharmaceutical Design Mental Health Patients at High Risk for Obesity, Type 2 Diabetes, and Cardiovascular Disease: An Australian Perspective
Current Hypertension Reviews Diosgenin: Mechanistic Insights on its Anti-inflammatory Effects
Anti-Inflammatory & Anti-Allergy Agents in Medicinal Chemistry The Effects of Dietary Supplements that Overactivate the Nrf2/ARE System
Current Medicinal Chemistry Chest Pain in Children
Current Pediatric Reviews Carnitine Metabolism and Deficit - When Supplementation is Necessary?
Current Pharmaceutical Biotechnology The Heart in Sepsis: From Basic Mechanisms to Clinical Management
Current Vascular Pharmacology Aldose Reductase, Still a Compelling Target for Diabetic Neuropathy
Current Drug Targets Cardiovascular Disease in the Systemic Vasculitides
Current Vascular Pharmacology From Multiple PAR1 Receptor/Protein Interactions to their Multiple Therapeutic Implications
Current Topics in Medicinal Chemistry Ryanodine Receptors for Drugs and Insecticides: An Overview
Mini-Reviews in Medicinal Chemistry