Title:Immunoconjugates for Cancer Targeting: A Review of Antibody-Drug Conjugates and Antibody-Functionalized Nanoparticles
Volume: 28
Issue: 13
关键词:
抗体，药物靶向，癌症，免疫偶联物，纳米颗粒，单克隆抗体。
摘要: Targeted therapy has been recently highlighted due to the reduction of side effects
and improvement in overall efficacy and survival from different types of cancers. Considering
the approval of many monoclonal antibodies in the last twenty years, cancer treatment can be
accomplished by the combination of monoclonal antibodies and small molecule chemotherapeutics.
Thus, strategies to combine both drugs in a single administration system are relevant
in the clinic. In this context, two strategies are possible and will be further discussed in this
review: antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) and antibody-functionalized nanoparticles. First, it
is important to better understand the possible molecular targets for cancer therapy, addressing
different antigens that can selectively bind to antibodies. After selecting the best target, ADCs
can be prepared by attaching a cytotoxic drug to an antibody able to target a cancer cell antigen.
Briefly, an ADC will be formed by a monoclonal antibody (MAb), a cytotoxic molecule
(cytotoxin) and a chemical linker. Usually, surface-exposed lysine or the thiol group of cysteine
residues are used as anchor sites for linker-drug molecules. Another strategy that should
be considered is antibody-functionalized nanoparticles. Basically, liposomes, polymeric and
inorganic nanoparticles can be attached to specific antibodies for targeted therapy. Different
conjugation strategies can be used, but nanoparticles coupling between maleimide and thiolated
antibodies or activation with the addition of ethyl-3-(3-dimethyl aminopropyl) carbodiimide
(EDC)/ N-hydroxysuccinimide (NHS) (1:5) and further addition of the antibody are
some of the most used strategies. Herein, molecular targets and conjugation strategies will be
presented and discussed to better understand the in vitro and in vivo applications presented.
Also, the clinical development of ADCs and antibody-conjugated nanoparticles are addressed
in the clinical development section. Finally, due to the innovation related to the targeted therapy,
it is convenient to analyze the impact on patenting and technology. Information related to
the temporal evolution of the number of patents, distribution of patent holders and also the
number of patents related to cancer types are presented and discussed. Thus, our aim is to
provide an overview of the recent developments in immunoconjugates for cancer targeting
and highlight the most important aspects for clinical relevance and innovation.
