Title:The Roles of Dietary, Nutritional and Lifestyle Interventions in Adipose Tissue Adaptation and Obesity
Volume: 28
Issue: 9
Author(s): Geir Bjørklund*, Torsak Tippairote, Maryam Dadar, Fernando Lizcano, Jan Aaseth and Olga Borisova
Affiliation:
- Council for Nutritional and Environmental Medicine (CONEM), Mo i Rana,Norway
Keywords:
Obesity, adipocytes, mitochondria, thermogenesis, adaptation, maladaptation, diet, nutrients, lifestyle.
Abstract: The obesity and the associated non-communicable diseases (NCDs) are globally
increasing in their prevalence. While the modern-day lifestyle required less ventilation of
metabolic energy through muscular activities, this lifestyle transition also provided the unlimited
accession to foods around the clock, which prolong the daily eating period of foods that
contained high calorie and high glycemic load. These situations promote the high continuous
flux of carbon substrate availability in mitochondria and induce the indecisive bioenergetic
switches. The disrupted bioenergetic milieu increases the uncoupling respiration due to the
excess flow of the substrate-derived reducing equivalents and reduces ubiquinones into the
respiratory chain. The diversion of the uncoupling proton gradient through adipocyte thermogenesis
will then alleviate the damaging effects of free radicals to mitochondria and other
organelles. The adaptive induction of white adipose tissues (WAT) to beige adipose tissues
(beAT) has shown beneficial effects on glucose oxidation, ROS protection and mitochondrial
function preservation through the uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1)-independent thermogenesis of
beAT. However, the maladaptive stage can eventually initiate with the persistent unhealthy
lifestyles. Under this metabolic gridlock, the low oxygen and pro-inflammatory environments
promote the adipose breakdown with sequential metabolic dysregulation, including insulin
resistance, systemic inflammation and clinical NCDs progression. It is unlikely that a single
intervention can reverse all these complex interactions. A comprehensive protocol that includes
dietary, nutritional and all modifiable lifestyle interventions, can be the preferable
choice to decelerate, stop, or reverse the NCDs pathophysiologic processes.