Title:Neurotransmitters and Behavioral Alterations Induced by Nickel Exposure
Volume: 20
Issue: 7
Author(s): María I. Martínez-Martínez , Isabel Muñoz-Fambuena and Omar Cauli *
Affiliation:
- Department of Nursing, University of Valencia, 46010 Valencia,Spain
Keywords:
Nickel, brain, behaviour, neurotransmitter, dopamine, glutamate, GABA.
Abstract:
Background: Nickel ions (Ni2+) are a heavy metal with wide industrial uses. Environmental
and occupational exposures to Ni are potential risk factors for brain dysfunction and behavioral and
neurological symptoms in humans.
Methods: We reviewed the current evidence about neurochemical and behavioral alterations associated
with Ni exposure in laboratory animals and humans.
Results: Ni2+ exposure can alter (both inhibition and stimulation) dopamine release and inhibit glutamate
NMDA receptors. Few reports claim an effect of Ni2+ at the level of GBA and serotonin neurotransmission.
At behavioral levels, exposure to Ni2+ in rodents alters motor activity, learning and
memory as well as anxiety and depressive-like symptoms. However, no analysis of the dose-dependent
relationship has been carried out regarding these effects and the levels of the Ni2+ in the brain, in blood
or urine.
Conclusion: Further research is needed to correlate the concentration of Ni2+ in biological fluids with
specific symptoms/deficits. Future studies addressing the impact of Ni2+ under environmental or occupational
exposure should consider the administration protocols to find Ni2+ levels similar in the general
population or occupationally exposed workers.