Atherosclerosis is characterized by hardening/narrowing of arteries and
reduction of blood flow to vital organs. Animal models and human research show that
endothelial dysfunction and plaque development precede the pathogenesis of
atherosclerosis, and related coronary heart disease, neurological, and renal disorders.
Cardiac CT-scans are used to detect atherosclerosis. Early diagnosis of atherosclerosis
reduces mortality, morbidity, and healthcare expenditures. Biomarkers like C-reactive
protein, IL-6, IL-8, phospholipase A2, cardiac troponin, MicroRNA, miR-21, and other
endothelial inflammation biomarkers are novel targets for monitoring atherosclerosisrelated cardiovascular disorders. Anti-platelet and anti-cholesterol drugs are used in the
treatment of atherogenesis and blood vessel clots. However, cholesterol-lowering drugs
may cause serious adverse effects. Thus, safe and cost-effective non-pharmacological
anti-atherogenic and anticoagulant therapies are urgently needed. Nutraceuticals,
functional foods, plant-derived therapies, antioxidant/anti-inflammation,
foods/fruits/vegetables, and lifestyle changes (e.g., physical activity, less alcohol,
smoking cessation) reduce atherogenesis, diabetes mellitus, obesity, hypertension, LDL, and C-reactive protein in all age groups, especially younger people.
Overwhelming evidence suggests that regular physical activity (30 min/day), cessation
of cigarette smoking, and consumption of antioxidant nutraceuticals rich in flavonoids
and retinoids, fresh vegetables and fruits, omega-3 PUFA, culinary spices, probiotics,
Mediterranean-type diet, and “DASH DIET” lower the risk of atherogenesis and
cardiovascular diseases. This review summarizes current advances in the diagnosis and
management of atherosclerosis and related cardiovascular illnesses with plant-based
and wholesome diets, including the Mediterranean diet, DASH DIET, and lifestyle
changes. New preventative measures and alternative therapies, including dietary
interventions and plant-based foods may be the most cost-effective ways to manage
atherosclerosis and cardiovascular illnesses.
Keywords: Coronary heart disease, Culinary spices, DASH diet, Diagnostic biomarkers, Healthful foods, Mediterranean diet, Nutraceuticals, Pathophysiology of atherosclerosis, Stroke.
