[1]
Li Z, Chang SH, Zhang LY, Gao L, Wang J. Molecular genetic studies of ADHD and its candidate genes: A review. Psychiatry Res 2014; 219(1): 10-24.
[2]
Skounti M, Philalithis A, Galanakis E. Variations in prevalence of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder worldwide. Eur J Pediatr 2007; 166(2): 117-23.
[3]
Hodgkins P, Setyawan J, Mitra D, et al. Management of ADHD in children across Europe: Patient demographics, physician characteristics and treatment patterns. Eur J Pediatr 2013; 172(7): 895-906.
[4]
Barkley RA, Poillion MJ. Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: A handbook for diagnosis and treatment. Behav Disord 1994; 19(2): 150-2.
[5]
Hirayama S, Terasawa K, Rabeler R, et al. The effect of phosphatidylserine administration on memory and symptoms of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: A randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial. J Hum Nutr Diet 2014; 27(Suppl. 2): 284-91.
[6]
Wolraich ML, Wibbelsman CJ, Brown TE, et al. Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder among adolescents: A review of the diagnosis, treatment, and clinical implications. Pediatrics 2005; 115(6): 1734-46.
[7]
Biederman J, Faraone SV, Spencer TJ, Mick E, Monuteaux MC, Aleardi M. Functional impairments in adults with self-reports of diagnosed ADHD: A controlled study of 1001 adults in the community. J Clin Psychiatry 2006; 67(4): 524-40.
[8]
Sharma A, Couture J. A review of the pathophysiology, etiology, and treatment of Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). Ann Pharmacother 2014; 48(2): 209-25.
[9]
Cantwell DP. Attention deficit disorder: A review of the past 10 years. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1996; 35(8): 978-87.
[10]
Russell VA. Overview of animal models of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). Curr Protoc Neurosci 2011; 54(1): 9-35.
[11]
Tarver J, Daley D, Sayal K. Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD): An updated review of the essential facts. Child Care Health Dev 2014; 40(6): 762-74.
[12]
Doggett AM. ADHD and drug therapy: Is it still a valid treatment? J Child Health Care 2004; 8(1): 69-81.
[13]
Widenhorn-Müller K, Schwanda S, Scholz E, Spitzer M, Bode H. Effect of supplementation with long-chain ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids on behavior and cognition in children with Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD): A randomized placebo-controlled intervention trial. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2014; 91(1-2): 49-60.
[14]
Liu DY, Shen XM, Yuan FF, et al. The physiology of BDNF and its relationship with ADHD. Mol Neurobiol 2015; 52(3): 1467-76.
[15]
Tsai SJ. Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder may be associated with decreased central brain-derived neurotrophic factor activity: Clinical and therapeutic implications. Med Hypotheses 2007; 68(4): 896-9.
[16]
Lesch KP, Waider J. Serotonin in the modulation of neural plasticity and networks: Implications for neurodevelopmental disorders. Neuron 2012; 76(1): 175-91.
[17]
Bala KA, Doğan M, Kaba S, Mutluer T, Aslan O, Doğan SZ. Hormone disorder and vitamin deficiency in Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) and Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASDs). J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab 2016; 29(9): 1077-82.
[18]
Goksugur SB, Tufan AE, Semiz M, et al. Vitamin D status in children with attention-deficit-hyperactivity disorder. Pediatr Int 2014; 56(4): 515-9.
[19]
Shang-Guan LL, Zhao YR. Serum levels of 25-hydroxyvitamin D in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Zhongguo Dang Dai Er Ke Za Zhi 2015; 17(8): 837-40.
[20]
Eyles DW, Smith S, Kinobe R, Hewison M, McGrath JJ. Distribution of the vitamin D receptor and 1 α-hydroxylase in human brain. J Chem Neuroanat 2005; 29(1): 21-30.
[21]
Brion F, Dupuis Y. Calcium and monoamine regulation: Role of vitamin D nutrition. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 1980; 58(12): 1431-4.
[22]
Hajiluian G, Nameni G, Shahabi P, Mesgari-Abbasi M, Sadigh-Eteghad S, Farhangi MA. Vitamin D administration, cognitive function, BBB permeability and neuroinflammatory factors in high-fat diet-induced obese rats. Int J Obes 2017; 41(4): 639-44.
[23]
Patrick RP, Ames BN. Vitamin D hormone regulates serotonin synthesis. Part 1: Relevance for autism. FASEB J 2014; 28(6): 2398-413.
[24]
Saedisomeolia A, Samadi M, Gholami F, et al. Vitamin D’s molecular action mechanism in attention-deficit/ hyperactivity disorder: A review of evidence. CNS Neurol Disord Drug Targets 2018; 17(4): 280-90.
[25]
Smith MP, Fletcher-Turner A, Yurek DM, Cass WA. Calcitriol protection against dopamine loss induced by intracerebroventricular administration of 6-hydroxydopamine. Neurochem Res 2006; 31(4): 533-9.
[26]
Corominas-Roso M, Ramos-Quiroga JA, Ribases M, et al. Decreased serum levels of brain-derived neurotrophic factor in adults with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 2013; 16(6): 1267-75.
[27]
Swanson JM, Flodman P, Kennedy J, et al. Dopamine genes and ADHD. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2000; 24(1): 21-5.
[28]
Baek DJ, Lee CB, Baek SS. Effect of treadmill exercise on social interaction and tyrosine hydroxylase expression in the attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder rats. J Exerc Rehabil 2014; 10(5): 252-7.
[29]
Kopecková M, Paclt I, Goetz P. Polymorphisms and low plasma activity of dopamine-beta-hydroxylase in ADHD children. Neuroendocrinol Lett 2006; 27(6): 748-54.
[30]
Puchacz E, Stumpf WE, Stachowiak EK, Stachowiak MK. Vitamin D increases expression of the tyrosine hydroxylase gene in adrenal medullary cells. Brain Res Mol Brain Res 1996; 36(1): 193-6.
[31]
Sanchez B, Relova JL, Gallego R, Ben-Batalla I, Perez-Fernandez R. 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 administration to 6-hydroxydopamine-lesioned rats increases glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor and partially restores tyrosine hydroxylase expression in substantia nigra and striatum. J Neurosci Res 2009; 87(3): 723-32.
[32]
Baksi SN, Hughes MJ. Alteration of adrenal catecholamine levels in the rat after dietary calcium and vitamin D deficiencies. J Auton Nerv Syst 1984; 11(4): 393-6.
[33]
Shirazi HA, Rasouli J, Ciric B, Rostami A, Zhang GX. 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 enhances neural stem cell proliferation and oligodendrocyte differentiation. Exp Mol Pathol 2015; 98(2): 240-5.
[34]
Pirotta S, Kidgell DJ, Daly RM. Effects of vitamin D supplementation on neuroplasticity in older adults: A double-blinded, placebo-controlled randomised trial. Osteoporos Int 2015; 26(1): 131-40.
[35]
Li H, Liu L, Tang Y, et al. Sex-specific association of Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF) Val66Met polymorphism and plasma BDNF with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in a drug-naïve Han Chinese sample. Psychiatry Res 2014; 217(3): 191-7.
[36]
Shim SH, Hwangbo Y, Kwon YJ, et al. Increased levels of plasma Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF) in children with Attention Deficit-Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2008; 32(8): 1824-8.
[37]
Banerjee E, Nandagopal K. Does serotonin deficit mediate susceptibility to ADHD? Neurochem Int 2015; 82: 52-68.
[38]
Patrick RP, Ames BN. Vitamin D and the omega-3 fatty acids control serotonin synthesis and action, part 2: Relevance for ADHD, bipolar disorder, schizophrenia, and impulsive behavior. FASEB J 2015; 29(6): 2207-22.
[39]
Mann JJ, McBride PA, Anderson GM, Mieczkowski TA. Platelet and whole blood serotonin content in depressed inpatients: Correlations with acute and life-time psychopathology. Biol Psychiatry 1992; 32(3): 243-57.
[40]
Moffitt TE, Brammer GL, Caspi A, et al. Whole blood serotonin relates to violence in an epidemiological study. Biol Psychiatry 1998; 43(6): 446-57.
[41]
Golan D, Staun-Ram E, Glass-Marmor L, et al. The influence of vitamin D supplementation on melatonin status in patients with multiple sclerosis. Brain Behav Immun 2013; 32: 180-5.
[42]
Huang Z, Liu T, Chattoraj A, et al. Posttranslational regulation of TPH1 is responsible for the nightly surge of 5-HT output in the rat pineal gland. J Pineal Res 2008; 45(4): 506-14.
