Login Register Cart 0
Generic placeholder image

Infectious Disorders - Drug Targets

Editor-in-Chief

ISSN (Print): 1871-5265
ISSN (Online): 2212-3989

Back
Journal Home About Journal Editorial Board Journal Insight Current Issue Volumes/Issues
Subscribe
Review Article

Emerging Pathophysiological Targets of Psoriasis for Future Therapeutic Strategies

Author(s): Monu Yadav*, Ishu Sardana, Amarjeet Sharma , Nidhi Sharma, Kalpana Nagpal* and Paramjeet Malik

Volume 20, Issue 4, 2020

Page: [409 - 422] Pages: 14

DOI: 10.2174/1871526519666190617162701

Price: $65

Abstract

Psoriasis is a chronic autoimmune skin disorder which involves complex interactions between genes, keratinocytes, T-cells and inflammatory cells. It affects 2-3% population worldwide. Molecular biology and cellular immunology of psoriasis, when linked with biotechnology and genetic studies can help researchers to understand the pathophysiology of psoriasis. T-cells activation, keratinocyte hyperproliferation, and angiogenesis are the core mechanisms entailed in the development of psoriasis lesion. Investigators are trying to overcome the challenges of complex pathophysiology pathways involved in this disorder. The different possible hypotheses for its pathophysiology such as growth factors, enzymes, inflammation, and genetic factors mediated pathophysiology have been described in the present review paper in detail. Clinically available drugs only control the symptoms of psoriasis but are not effective for the treatment of the disorder completely and are also associated with some side effects such as itching, renal disorders, hematologic, nonmelanoma skin cancer, pulmonary, gastrointestinal toxicity, etc. This paper made an effort to understand the pathophysiological targets, discuss the research done so far and the treatments available for the effective management of psoriasis.

Keywords: Psoriasis, pathophysiological targets, keratinocytes hyperproliferation, angiogenesis, pathophysiology, gastrointestinal toxicity.

[1]
King-man, H.O. Psoriasis. Med. Bull., 2010, 15(5), 10-14.
[2]
Perera, G.K.; Di Meglio, P.; Nestle, F.O. Psoriasis. Annu. Rev. Pathol., 2012, 7, 385-422.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-pathol-011811-132448] [PMID: 22054142]
[3]
Mohd Affandi, A.; Khan, I.; Ngah Saaya, N. Epidemiology and Clinical Features of Adult Patients with Psoriasis in Malaysia: 10-Year Review from the Malaysian Psoriasis Registry (2007-2016). Dermatol. Res. Pract., 2018. 20184371471
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/4371471] [PMID: 29849578]
[4]
Sarac, G.; Koca, T.T.; Baglan, T. A brief summary of clinical types of psoriasis. North. Clin. Istanb., 2016, 3(1), 79-82.
[PMID: 28058392]
[5]
Gudjonsson, J.E.; Johnston, A.; Sigmundsdottir, H.; Valdimarsson, H. Immunopathogenic mechanisms in psoriasis. Clin. Exp. Immunol., 2004, 135(1), 1-8.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2249.2004.02310.x] [PMID: 14678257]
[6]
Abdelnoor, A.M. Akl, N.A., Factors Involved in the Patho-genesis of Psoriasis. Adv. Stud. Med. Sci., 2013, 1(2), 75-94.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.12988/asms.2013.13008]
[7]
Jiang, S.; Hinchliffe, T.E.; Wu, T. Biomarkers of An Autoimmune Skin Disease--Psoriasis. Genomics Proteomics Bioinformatics, 2015, 13(4), 224-233.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.gpb.2015.04.002] [PMID: 26362816]
[8]
Kuchekar, A.B.; Pujari, R.R.; Kuchekar, S.B.; Dhole, S.N.; Mule, P.M. Psoriasis: A comprehensive review.Int. J. Pharm. Life Sci., 2011, 2(6),
[9]
Schön, M.P.; Boehncke, W.H. Psoriasis. N. Engl. J. Med., 2005, 352(18), 1899-1912.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/NEJMra041320] [PMID: 15872205]
[10]
Mahajan, R.; Handa, S. Pathophysiology of psoriasis. Indian J. Dermatol. Venereol. Leprol., 2013, 79(7)(Suppl. 7), S1-S9.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/0378-6323.115505] [PMID: 23974689]
[11]
Zhang, P.; Su, Y.; Lu, Q. Epigenetics and psoriasis. J. Eur. Acad. Dermatol. Venereol., 2012, 26(4), 399-403.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-3083.2011.04261.x] [PMID: 21923658]
[12]
Pasić, A.; Lipozencić, J.; Ceović, R.; Kostović, K. The genetics of psoriasis--selected novelties in 2008. Acta Dermatovenerol. Croat., 2009, 17(3), 176-181.
[PMID: 19818216]
[13]
Taganov, K.D.; Boldin, M.P.; Chang, K.J.; Baltimore, D. NF-kappaB-dependent induction of microRNA miR-146, an inhibitor targeted to signaling proteins of innate immune responses. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 2006, 103(33), 12481-12486.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0605298103] [PMID: 16885212]
[14]
Grashin, R.A.; Antonov, V.G.; Karpishchenko, A.I.; Khaĭrutdinov, V.R. [The free radical oxidation and antioxidant defense systems as indicators of the activity of keratinocytic proliferation in psoriasis Klin. Lab. Diagn., 2010, 1(1), 18-24.
[PMID: 20205333]
[15]
Freedberg, K.A.; Losina, E.; Weinstein, M.C.; Paltiel, A.D.; Cohen, C.J.; Seage, G.R.; Craven, D.E.; Zhang, H.; Kimmel, A.D.; Goldie, S.J. The cost effectiveness of combination antiretroviral therapy for HIV disease. N. Engl. J. Med., 2001, 344(11), 824-831.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/NEJM200103153441108] [PMID: 11248160]
[16]
Dunphy, S.; Gardiner, C.M. NK cells and psoriasis. J. Biomed. Biotechnol., 2011. 2011248317
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2011/248317] [PMID: 21687543]
[17]
Kusuba, N.; Kitoh, A.; Miyachi, Y.; Kabashima, K. Role of neutrophils in the pathogenesis of imiquimod-induced psoria-sis-like skin lesions. J. Dermatol. Sci., 2016, 84, 1-88.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jdermsci.2016.08.224]
[18]
Harvima, I.T.; Nilsson, G.; Suttle, M.M.; Naukkarinen, A. Is there a role for mast cells in psoriasis? Arch. Dermatol. Res., 2008, 300(9), 461-478.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00403-008-0874-x] [PMID: 18719932]
[19]
Nestle, F.O.; Zheng, X.G.; Thompson, C.B.; Turka, L.A.; Nickoloff, B.J. Characterization of dermal dendritic cells obtained from normal human skin reveals phenotypic and functionally distinctive subsets. J. Immunol., 1993, 151(11), 6535-6545.
[PMID: 7504023]
[20]
Gallais, I.S.; Hoffer, E.; Ignatov, B.; Martini, E.; Zitti, B.; Ehrström, M.; Eidsmo, L. A skewed pool of resident T cells triggers psoriasis-associated tissue responses in never-lesional psoriasis skin. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol., --> In press.
[21]
Nickoloff, B.J.; Karabin, G.D.; Barker, J.N.; Griffiths, C.E.; Sarma, V.; Mitra, R.S.; Elder, J.T.; Kunkel, S.L.; Dixit, V.M. Cellular localization of interleukin-8 and its inducer, tumor necrosis factor-alpha in psoriasis. Am. J. Pathol., 1991, 138(1), 129-140.
[PMID: 1702929]
[22]
Nestle, F.O.; Conrad, C.; Tun-Kyi, A.; Homey, B.; Gombert, M.; Boyman, O.; Burg, G.; Liu, Y.J.; Gilliet, M. Plasmacytoid predendritic cells initiate psoriasis through interferon-α production. J. Exp. Med., 2005, 202(1), 135-143.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1084/jem.20050500] [PMID: 15998792]
[23]
Jarrossay, D.; Napolitani, G.; Colonna, M.; Sallusto, F.; Lanzavecchia, A. Specialization and complementarity in microbial molecule recognition by human myeloid and plasmacytoid dendritic cells. Eur. J. Immunol., 2001, 31(11), 3388-3393.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/1521-4141(200111)31:11<3388:AID-IMMU3388>3.0.CO;2-Q] [PMID: 11745357]
[24]
Sangaletti, S.; Tripodo, C.; Chiodoni, C.; Guarnotta, C.; Cappetti, B.; Casalini, P.; Piconese, S.; Parenza, M.; Guiducci, C.; Vitali, C.; Colombo, M.P. Neutrophil extracellular traps mediate transfer of cytoplasmic neutrophil antigens to myeloid dendritic cells toward ANCA induction and associated autoimmunity. Blood, 2012, 120(15), 3007-3018.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood-2012-03-416156] [PMID: 22932797]
[25]
Martin, G.; Guérard, S.; Fortin, M.M.R.; Rusu, D.; Soucy, J.; Poubelle, P.E.; Pouliot, R. Pathological crosstalk in vitro between T lymphocytes and lesional keratinocytes in psoriasis: necessity of direct cell-to-cell contact. Lab. Invest., 2012, 92(7), 1058-1070.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/labinvest.2012.69] [PMID: 22525430]
[26]
Lowes, M.A.; Kikuchi, T.; Fuentes-Duculan, J.; Cardinale, I.; Zaba, L.C.; Haider, A.S.; Bowman, E.P.; Krueger, J.G. Psoriasis vulgaris lesions contain discrete populations of Th1 and Th17 T cells. J. Invest. Dermatol., 2008, 128(5), 1207-1211.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/sj.jid.5701213] [PMID: 18200064]
[27]
Zheng, Y.; Danilenko, D.M.; Valdez, P.; Kasman, I.; Eastham-Anderson, J.; Wu, J.; Ouyang, W. Interleukin-22, a T(H)17 cytokine, mediates IL-23-induced dermal inflammation and acanthosis. Nature, 2007, 445(7128), 648-651.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature05505] [PMID: 17187052]
[28]
Vanaudenaerde, B.M.; Verleden, S.E.; Vos, R.; De Vleeschauwer, S.I.; Willems-Widyastuti, A.; Geenens, R.; Van Raemdonck, D.E.; Dupont, L.J.; Verbeken, E.K.; Meyts, I. Innate and adaptive interleukin-17-producing lymphocytes in chronic inflammatory lung disorders. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med., 2011, 183(8), 977-986.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1164/rccm.201007-1196PP] [PMID: 21097694]
[29]
Nishibu, A.; Han, G.W.; Iwatsuki, K.; Matsui, T.; Inoue, M.; Akiba, H.; Kaneko, R.; Kaneko, F. Overexpression of monocyte-derived cytokines in active psoriasis: a relation to coexistent arthropathy. J. Dermatol. Sci., 1999, 21(1), 63-70.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0923-1811(99)00031-6] [PMID: 10468194]
[30]
Clark, R.A.; Kupper, T.S. Misbehaving macrophages in the pathogenesis of psoriasis. J. Clin. Invest., 2006, 116(8), 2084-2087.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1172/JCI29441] [PMID: 16886055]
[31]
Nograles, K.E.; Krueger, J.G. Anti-cytokine therapies for psoriasis. Exp. Cell Res., 2011, 317(9), 1293-1300.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.yexcr.2011.01.024] [PMID: 21300061]
[32]
Krueger, J.G. The immunologic basis for the treatment of psoriasis with new biologic agents. J. Am. Acad. Dermatol., 2002, 46(1), 1-23.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1067/mjd.2002.120568] [PMID: 11756941]
[33]
Gudjonsson, J.E.; Johnston, A.; Ellis, C.N. Novel systemic drugs under investigation for the treatment of psoriasis. J. Am. Acad. Dermatol., 2012, 67(1), 139-147.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jaad.2011.06.037] [PMID: 22305044]
[34]
Anderson, P.J. Tumor necrosis factor inhibitors: clinical implications of their different immunogenicity profiles. Semin. Arthritis Rheum., 2005, 34(5)(Suppl. 1), 19-22.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.semarthrit.2005.01.005] [PMID: 15852250]
[35]
Reich, K.; Nestle, F.O.; Papp, K.; Ortonne, J.P.; Evans, R.; Guzzo, C.; Li, S.; Dooley, L.T.; Griffiths, C.E. EXPRESS study investigators. Infliximab induction and maintenance therapy for moderate-to-severe psoriasis: a phase III, multicentre, double-blind trial. Lancet, 2005, 366(9494), 1367-1374.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(05)67566-6] [PMID: 16226614]
[36]
Krueger, G.G. Selective targeting of T cell subsets: focus on alefacept - a remittive therapy for psoriasis. Expert Opin. Biol. Ther., 2002, 2(4), 431-441.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1517/14712598.2.4.431] [PMID: 11955280]
[37]
Conrad, P.; Rothman, B.L.; Kelley, K.A.; Blue, M.L. Mechanism of peripheral T cell activation by coengagement of CD44 and CD2. J. Immunol., 1992, 149(6), 1833-1839.
[PMID: 1381388]
[38]
De Rie, M.A.; Cairo, I.; Van Lier, R.A.W.; Bos, J.D. Expression of the T-cell activation antigens CD27 and CD28 in normal and psoriatic skin. Clin. Exp. Dermatol., 1996, 21(2), 104-111.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2230.1996.tb00030.x] [PMID: 8759195]
[39]
Kormeili, T.; Lowe, N.J.; Yamauchi, P.S. Psoriasis: immunopathogenesis and evolving immunomodulators and systemic therapies; U.S. experiences. Br. J. Dermatol., 2004, 151(1), 3-15.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2133.2004.06009.x] [PMID: 15270867]
[40]
Chamian, F.; Lowes, M.A.; Lin, S.L.; Lee, E.; Kikuchi, T.; Gilleaudeau, P.; Sullivan-Whalen, M.; Cardinale, I.; Khatcherian, A.; Novitskaya, I.; Wittkowski, K.M.; Krueger, J.G. Alefacept reduces infiltrating T cells, activated dendritic cells, and inflammatory genes in psoriasis vulgaris. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 2005, 102(6), 2075-2080.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0409569102] [PMID: 15671179]
[41]
Schafer, P.H.; Parton, A.; Gandhi, A.K.; Capone, L.; Adams, M.; Wu, L.; Bartlett, J.B.; Loveland, M.A.; Gilhar, A.; Cheung, Y.F.; Baillie, G.S.; Houslay, M.D.; Man, H.W.; Muller, G.W.; Stirling, D.I. Apremilast, a cAMP phosphodiesterase-4 inhibitor, demonstrates anti-inflammatory activity in vitro and in a model of psoriasis. Br. J. Pharmacol., 2010, 159(4), 842-855.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1476-5381.2009.00559.x] [PMID: 20050849]
[42]
Claveau, D.; Chen, S.L.; O’Keefe, S.; Zaller, D.M.; Styhler, A.; Liu, S.; Huang, Z.; Nicholson, D.W.; Mancini, J.A. Preferential inhibition of T helper 1, but not T helper 2, cytokines in vitro by L-826,141 [4-[2-(3,4-Bisdifluromethoxyphenyl)-2-[4-(1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoro-2-hydroxypropan-2-yl)-phenyl]-ethyl]3-methylpyridine-1-oxide], a potent and selective phosphodiesterase 4 inhibitor. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther., 2004, 310(2), 752-760.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1124/jpet.103.064691] [PMID: 15082748]
[43]
Houslay, M.D.; Schafer, P.; Zhang, K.Y.J. Keynote review: phosphodiesterase-4 as a therapeutic target. Drug Discov. Today, 2005, 10(22), 1503-1519.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1359-6446(05)03622-6] [PMID: 16257373]
[44]
Ortiz-Ibáñez, K.; Alsina, M.M.; Muñoz-Santos, C. Tofacitinib and other kinase inhibitors in the treatment of psoriasis. Actas Dermosifiliogr., 2013, 104(4), 304-310.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.adengl.2013.03.002] [PMID: 23583515]
[45]
Ryan, C.; Abramson, A.; Patel, M.; Menter, A. Current investigational drugs in psoriasis. Expert Opin. Investig. Drugs, 2012, 21(4), 473-487.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1517/13543784.2012.669372] [PMID: 22400979]
[46]
Matz, M.; Naik, M.; Mashreghi, M.F.; Glander, P.; Neumayer, H.H.; Budde, K. Evaluation of the novel protein kinase C inhibitor sotrastaurin as immunosuppressive therapy after renal transplantation. Expert Opin. Drug Metab. Toxicol., 2011, 7(1), 103-113.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1517/17425255.2011.540238] [PMID: 21142580]
[47]
Wagner, J.; von Matt, P.; Sedrani, R.; Albert, R.; Cooke, N.; Ehrhardt, C.; Geiser, M.; Rummel, G.; Stark, W.; Strauss, A.; Cowan-Jacob, S.W.; Beerli, C.; Weckbecker, G.; Evenou, J.P.; Zenke, G.; Cottens, S. Discovery of 3-(1H-indol-3-yl)-4-[2-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)quinazolin-4-yl]pyrrole-2,5-dione (AEB071), a potent and selective inhibitor of protein kinase C isotypes. J. Med. Chem., 2009, 52(20), 6193-6196.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jm901108b] [PMID: 19827831]
[48]
Schieven, G.L. The biology of p38 kinase: a central role in inflammation. Curr. Top. Med. Chem., 2005, 5(10), 921-928.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1568026054985902] [PMID: 16178737]
[49]
Westra, J.; Doornbos-van der Meer, B.; de Boer, P.; van Leeuwen, M.A.; van Rijswijk, M.H.; Limburg, P.C. Strong inhibition of TNF-alpha production and inhibition of IL-8 and COX-2 mRNA expression in monocyte-derived macrophages by RWJ 67657, a p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) inhibitor. Arthritis Res. Ther., 2004, 6(4), R384-R392.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/ar1204] [PMID: 15225374]
[50]
Stuart, P.E.; Nair, R.P.; Ellinghaus, E.; Ding, J.; Tejasvi, T.; Gudjonsson, J.E.; Li, Y.; Weidinger, S.; Eberlein, B.; Gieger, C.; Wichmann, H.E.; Kunz, M.; Ike, R.; Krueger, G.G.; Bowcock, A.M.; Mrowietz, U.; Lim, H.W.; Voorhees, J.J.; Abecasis, G.R.; Weichenthal, M.; Franke, A.; Rahman, P.; Gladman, D.D.; Elder, J.T. Genome-wide association analysis identifies three psoriasis susceptibility loci. Nat. Genet., 2010, 42(11), 1000-1004.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/ng.693] [PMID: 20953189]
[51]
Mendel, I.; Shoham, A.; Propheta-Meiran, O.; Ishai, E.; Halperin, G.; Feige, E.; Breitbart, E.A. Lecinoxoid, an oxidized phospholipid small molecule, constrains CNS autoimmune disease. J. Neuroimmunol., 2010, 226(1-2), 126-135.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jneuroim.2010.06.011] [PMID: 20663571]
[52]
Raychaudhuri, S.P.; Jiang, W.Y.; Smoller, B.R.; Farber, E.M. Nerve growth factor and its receptor system in psoriasis. Br. J. Dermatol., 2000, 143(1), 198-200.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2133.2000.03617.x] [PMID: 10886162]
[53]
Raychaudhuri, S.P.; Sanyal, M.; Weltman, H.; Kundu-Raychaudhuri, S. K252a, a high-affinity nerve growth factor receptor blocker, improves psoriasis: an in vivo study using the severe combined immunodeficient mouse-human skin model. J. Invest. Dermatol., 2004, 122(3), 812-819.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.0022-202X.2003.12602.x] [PMID: 15086569]
[54]
Feige, E.; Mendel, I.; George, J.; Yacov, N.; Harats, D. Modified phospholipids as anti-inflammatory compounds. Curr. Opin. Lipidol., 2010, 21(6), 525-529.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/MOL.0b013e32833f2fcb] [PMID: 20827191]
[55]
Wertheimer, E.; Trebicz, M.; Eldar, T.; Gartsbein, M.; Nofeh-Moses, S.; Tennenbaum, T. Differential roles of insulin receptor and insulin-like growth factor-1 receptor in differentiation of murine skin keratinocytes. J. Invest. Dermatol., 2000, 115(1), 24-29.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1523-1747.2000.00008.x] [PMID: 10886503]
[56]
Huang, H.L.; Lin, C.C.; Jeng, K.C.; Yao, P.W.; Chuang, L.T.; Kuo, S.L.; Hou, C.W.; Hou, C.W. Fresh green tea and gallic acid ameliorate oxidative stress in kainic acid-induced status epilepticus. J. Agric. Food Chem., 2012, 60(9), 2328-2336.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jf203709q] [PMID: 22324774]
[57]
Totté, J.E.E.; van der Feltz, W.T.; Bode, L.G.M.; van Belkum, A.; van Zuuren, E.J.; Pasmans, S.G. A systematic review and meta-analysis on Staphylococcus aureus carriage in psoriasis, acne and rosacea. Eur. J. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. Dis., 2016, 35(7), 1069-1077.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10096-016-2647-3] [PMID: 27151386]
[58]
Hedrick, M.N.; Lonsdorf, A.S.; Shirakawa, A.K.; Richard Lee, C.C.; Liao, F.; Singh, S.P.; Zhang, H.H.; Grinberg, A.; Love, P.E.; Hwang, S.T.; Farber, J.M. CCR6 is required for IL-23-induced psoriasis-like inflammation in mice. J. Clin. Invest., 2009, 119(8), 2317-2329.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1172/JCI37378] [PMID: 19662682]
[59]
Gonzalez-Juanatey, C.; Llorca, J.; Amigo-Diaz, E.; Dierssen, T.; Martin, J.; Gonzalez-Gay, M.A. High prevalence of subclinical atherosclerosis in psoriatic arthritis patients without clinically evident cardiovascular disease or classic atherosclerosis risk factors. Arthritis Rheum., 2007, 57(6), 1074-1080.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/art.22884] [PMID: 17665475]
[60]
Tzellos, T.; Kyrgidis, A.; Zouboulis, C.C. Re-evaluation of the risk for major adverse cardiovascular events in patients treated with anti-IL-12/23 biological agents for chronic plaque psoriasis: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. J. Eur. Acad. Dermatol. Venereol., 2013, 27(5), 622-627.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-3083.2012.04500.x] [PMID: 22404103]
[61]
Mallon, E.; Bunker, C.B. HIV-associated psoriasis. AIDS Patient Care STDS, 2000, 14(5), 239-246.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/108729100317696] [PMID: 10833810]
[62]
Carrascosa, J.M.; Rocamora, V.; Fernandez-Torres, R.M.; Jimenez-Puya, R.; Moreno, J.C.; Coll-Puigserver, N.; Fonseca, E. Obesity and psoriasis: inflammatory nature of obesity, relationship between psoriasis and obesity, and therapeutic implications. Actas Dermosifiliogr., 2014, 105(1), 31-44.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.adengl.2012.08.024] [PMID: 23177976]
[63]
Ritchlin, C.T.; Colbert, R.A.; Gladman, D.D. Psoriatic Arthritis. N. Engl. J. Med., 2017, 376(10), 957-970.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/NEJMra1505557] [PMID: 28273019]
[64]
Steckelings, U.M.; Artuc, M.; Wollschläger, T.; Wiehstutz, S.; Henz, B.M. Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors as inducers of adverse cutaneous reactions. Acta Derm. Venereol., 2001, 81(5), 321-325.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/000155501317140007] [PMID: 11800136]
[65]
Wolfe, J.T.; Singh, A.; Lessin, S.R.; Jaworsky, C.; Rook, A.H. De novo development of psoriatic plaques in patients receiving interferon alfa for treatment of erythrodermic cutaneous T-cell lymphoma. J. Am. Acad. Dermatol., 1995, 32(5 Pt 2), 887-893.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0190-9622(95)91555-9] [PMID: 7722051]
[66]
Taylor, C.; Burns, D.A.; Wiselka, M.J. Extensive psoriasis induced by interferon alfa treatment for chronic hepatitis C. Postgrad. Med. J., 2000, 76(896), 365-367.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/pmj.76.896.365] [PMID: 10824054]
[67]
Yeung, C.K.; Chan, H.H. Cutaneous adverse effects of lithium: epidemiology and management. Am. J. Clin. Dermatol., 2004, 5(1), 3-8.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2165/00128071-200405010-00002] [PMID: 14979738]
[68]
Basavaraj, K.H.; Ashok, N.M.; Rashmi, R.; Praveen, T.K. The role of drugs in the induction and/or exacerbation of psoriasis. Int. J. Dermatol., 2010, 49(12), 1351-1361.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-4632.2010.04570.x] [PMID: 21091671]
[69]
Tsankov, N.; Angelova, I.; Kazandjieva, J. Drug-induced psoriasis. Recognition and management. Am. J. Clin. Dermatol., 2000, 1(3), 159-165.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2165/00128071-200001030-00003] [PMID: 11702297]
[70]
Naldi, L.; Chatenoud, L.; Linder, D.; Belloni Fortina, A.; Peserico, A.; Virgili, A.R.; Bruni, P.L.; Ingordo, V.; Lo Scocco, G.; Solaroli, C.; Schena, D.; Barba, A.; Di Landro, A.; Pezzarossa, E.; Arcangeli, F.; Gianni, C.; Betti, R.; Carli, P.; Farris, A.; Barabino, G.F.; La Vecchia, C. Cigarette smoking, body mass index, and stressful life events as risk factors for psoriasis: results from an Italian case-control study. J. Invest. Dermatol., 2005, 125(1), 61-67.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.0022-202X.2005.23681.x] [PMID: 15982303]
[71]
Venkatesh, M.P.; Uday, G. Recent developments in the treat-ment of scalp psoriasis: A review. Int. J. Pharm. Sci. Res., 2019, 10(1), 29-46.
[72]
Pasut, G. Pegylation of biological molecules and potential benefits: pharmacological properties of certolizumab pegol. BioDrugs, 2014, 28(0)(Suppl. 1), S15-S23.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40259-013-0064-z] [PMID: 24687235]
[73]
Tan, J.K.; Aphale, A.; Malaviya, R.; Sun, Y.; Gottlieb, A.B. Mechanisms of action of etanercept in psoriasis. J. Investig. Dermatol. Symp. Proc., 2007, 12(1), 38-45.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/sj.jidsymp.5650037] [PMID: 17502868]
[74]
Gall, J.S.; Kalb, R.E. Infliximab for the treatment of plaque psoriasis. Biologics, 2008, 2(1), 115-124.
[PMID: 19707434]
[75]
Napolitano, M.; Megna, M.; Balato, A.; Ayala, F.; Lembo, S.; Villani, A.; Balato, N. Systemic Treatment of Pediatric Psoriasis: A Review. Dermatol. Ther. (Heidelb.), 2016, 6(2), 125-142.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13555-016-0117-6] [PMID: 27085539]
[76]
Campa, M.; Menter, A. A review of emerging IL-17 inhibitors in the treatment of psoriasis focusing on preclinical through phase II studies. Expert Opin. Investig. Drugs, 2016, 25(11), 1337-1344.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13543784.2016.1237502] [PMID: 27687859]
[77]
Dubois Declercq, S.; Pouliot, R. Promising new treatments for psoriasis. Scientific World J, 2013.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/980419]
[78]
Glatt, S.; Helmer, E.; Haier, B.; Strimenopoulou, F.; Price, G.; Vajjah, P.; Harari, O.A.; Lambert, J.; Shaw, S. First-in-human randomized study of bimekizumab, a humanized monoclonal antibody and selective dual inhibitor of IL-17A and IL-17F, in mild psoriasis. Br. J. Clin. Pharmacol., 2017, 83(5), 991-1001.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/bcp.13185] [PMID: 27859546]
[79]
Rønholt, K.; Iversen, L. Old and New Biological Therapies for Psoriasis. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 2017, 18(11), 1-23.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms18112297] [PMID: 29104241]
[80]
Papp, K.; Thaçi, D.; Reich, K.; Riedl, E.; Langley, R.G.; Krueger, J.G.; Gottlieb, A.B.; Nakagawa, H.; Bowman, E.P.; Mehta, A.; Li, Q.; Zhou, Y.; Shames, R. Tildrakizumab (MK-3222), an anti-interleukin-23p19 monoclonal antibody, improves psoriasis in a phase IIb randomized placebo-controlled trial. Br. J. Dermatol., 2015, 173(4), 930-939.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/bjd.13932] [PMID: 26042589]
[81]
Abrouk, M.; Gandy, J.; Nakamura, M.; Lee, K.; Brodsky, M.; Singh, R.; Zhu, H.; Farahnik, B.; Bhutani, T.; Koo, J. Secukinumab in the Treatment of Psoriasis and Psoriatic Arthritis: A Review of the Literature. Skin Therapy Lett., 2017, 22(4), 1-6.
[PMID: 28732152]
[82]
Shrivastav, S.; Sindhu, R.K.; Kumar, S.; Kumar, P. Anti-psoriatic and phytochemical evaluation of Thespesiapopulnea bark extracts. Int. J. Pharm. Pharm. Sci., 2009, 1, 176-185.
[83]
Nakamura, M.; Lee, K.; Jeon, C.; Sekhon, S.; Afifi, L.; Yan, D.; Lee, K.; Bhutani, T. Guselkumab for the Treatment of Psoriasis: A Review of Phase III Trials. Dermatol. Ther. (Heidelb.), 2017, 7(3), 281-292.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13555-017-0187-0] [PMID: 28639011]
[84]
Saurat, J.H.; Stingl, G.; Dubertret, L.; Papp, K.; Langley, R.G.; Ortonne, J.P.; Unnebrink, K.; Kaul, M.; Camez, A. CHAMPION Study Investigators. Efficacy and safety results from the randomized controlled comparative study of adalimumab vs. methotrexate vs. placebo in patients with psoriasis (CHAMPION). Br. J. Dermatol., 2008, 158(3), 558-566.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2133.2007.08315.x] [PMID: 18047523]
[85]
Brimhall, A.K.; King, L.N.; Licciardone, J.C.; Jacobe, H.; Menter, A. Safety and efficacy of alefacept, efalizumab, etanercept and infliximab in treating moderate to severe plaque psoriasis: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Br. J. Dermatol., 2008, 159(2), 274-285.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2133.2008.08673.x] [PMID: 18547300]
[86]
Colombo, M.D.; Cassano, N.; Bellia, G.; Vena, G. Review Article Cyclosporine Regimens in Plaque Psoriasis: An Over-view with Special Emphasis on Dose, Duration, and Old and New Treatment Approaches. Sci.World J; Hindawi Publishing Corporation, 2013, pp. 1-11.
[87]
Cather, J.C.; Horn, E.J. Apremilast in the treatment of moder-ate-to-severe plaque psoriasis:results from the ESTEEM stud-ies. Clin. Invest., 2015, 5(9), 777-791.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.4155/cli.15.50]
[88]
Zangeneh, F.Z. Shooshtary, F.S.; Psoriasis—types, causes and medication. InPsoriasis-Types, Causes and Medication. InTech., 2013, 1, 3-37.
[89]
Jin, H.L.; Zhang, R.Z.; Gao, Y.X. Effect of artesunate on keratinocyte cultured in vitro. J. Tradit. Chin. Med. Sci., 2007, 14, 176-178.
[90]
Huang, T.; Lin, X. Effects of camptothecin on proliferation and differentiation of keratinizing epithelium. Zhongguo Pifu Xingbingxue Zazhi, 1996, 10, 325-327.
[91]
Bernstein, J.E.; Parish, L.C.; Rapaport, M.; Rosenbaum, M.M.; Roenigk, H.H., Jr Effects of topically applied capsaicin on moderate and severe psoriasis vulgaris. J. Am. Acad. Dermatol., 1986, 15(3), 504-507.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0190-9622(86)70201-6] [PMID: 3760276]
[92]
Wahba, A.; Cohen, H. Therapeutic trials with oral colchicine in psoriasis. Acta Derm. Venereol., 1980, 60(6), 515-520.
[PMID: 6162337]
[93]
Traub, M.; Marshall, K. Psoriasis--pathophysiology, conventional, and alternative approaches to treatment. Altern. Med. Rev., 2007, 12(4), 319-330.
[PMID: 18069901]
[94]
Kaur, A.; Kumar, S. Plants and plant products with potential antipsoriatic activity--a review. Pharm. Biol., 2012, 50(12), 1573-1591.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/13880209.2012.690430] [PMID: 22971237]
[95]
Harries, M.J.; Chalmers, R.J.; Griffiths, C.E. Fumaric acid esters for severe psoriasis: a retrospective review of 58 cases. Br. J. Dermatol., 2005, 153(3), 549-551.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2133.2005.06728.x] [PMID: 16120141]
[96]
Dodou, K.; Anderson, R.J.; Lough, W.J.; Small, D.A.P.; Shelley, M.D.; Groundwater, P.W. Synthesis of gossypol atropisomers and derivatives and evaluation of their anti-proliferative and anti-oxidant activity. Bioorg. Med. Chem., 2005, 13(13), 4228-4237.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bmc.2005.04.026] [PMID: 15878283]
[97]
Kamuhabwa, A.R.; Roelandts, R.; de Witte, P.A. Skin photosensitization with topical hypericin in hairless mice. J. Photochem. Photobiol. B, 1999, 53(1-3), 110-114.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1011-1344(99)00135-9] [PMID: 10672536]
[98]
Briffa, D.V.; Warin, A.P. Photochemotherapy in psoriasis: a review. J. R. Soc. Med., 1979, 72(6), 440-446.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/014107687907200610] [PMID: 399641]
[99]
Hill, H.; Anderson, N. Malakouti, M.; Jacob, Se. Herbals in the Holistic Treatment of Psoriasis. J Clin Dermatol., 2015, 16, 147-165.
[100]
Saraceno, R.; Di Stefani, A.; Giunta, A.; Chimenti, S. Recent patents and new strategies in the treatment of psoriasis., 2006.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/157489106778777628]
[101]
https://www.ncbi. nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=pathophysiology+of+psoriasis
[102]
https://www.ncbi.nlm. nih.gov/pubmed/?term=treatment+of+psoriasis
[103]
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih. gov/pubmed/?term=types+of+psoriasis
[104]
https://www.ncbi. nlm.nih.gov/?pubmed/term=diseases+induced+psoriasis
[105]
https://www.ncbi.nlm. nih.gov/?pubmed/term=drug+induced+psoriasis

Rights & Permissions Print Cite
Article Metrics
49
1
© 2024 Bentham Science Publishers | Privacy Policy