Title:Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation in Psychiatric Disorders: A Comprehensive Review of Recent Advances
Volume: 14
Issue: 4
Author(s): Augusto Valdéz-Hernández, Rocío Ortega-Palacios, Gabriel Vázquez-López and Nancy Ramos-Lora*
Affiliation:
- Polytechnic University of Pachuca, Biotechnology Engineering Department, Zempoala,Mexico
Keywords:
Transcranial direct current stimulation, neuropsychiatric disorders, treatment, depression, schizophrenia, ADHD,
Alzheimer disease, tinnitus.
Abstract: Background and Objective: Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) has shown
therapeutic efficacy in different psychiatric disorders including depression, attention deficit hyperactivity
disorder (ADHD), cognitive functions in healthy subjects have made this technique an interesting
research option for developing non-medication techniques for a variety of psychiatric disorders. This
paper aimed to comprehensively review the therapeutic applications of tDCS in psychiatric disorders.
Method: The databases of PubMed (1985-2018), EMBASE (1985-2018), Web of Sciences (1985-
2018), PsycINFO (1980-2018) and Google Scholar (1980-2018) were searched using the search terms
"transcranial direct current stimulation" OR "tDCS" AND "psychiatric disorders" OR “neuropsychiatric
disorders” AND "treatment" AND “efficacy”. The retrieved records were screened for the title
and abstract by two authors and the relevant papers were reviewed for further details. The applications
of tDCS in the disorders with promising outcomes are discussed.
Results: TDCS has shown therapeutic effects in different neuropsychiatric disorders such as major
depression, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), schizophrenia, Alzheimer disease (AD),
tinnitus, obsessive compulsive disorder, hallucinations, and substance abuse. The clinical efficacy for
major depression, ADHD, schizophrenia, and tinnitus is more promising. This may be partly because
more studies have been conducted on these disorders than the other disorders. For depression tDCS
shows treatment efficacy comparable with the first generation antidepressive pharmacological drugs.
Anodal tDCS over prefrontal cortex (PFC) was the most used protocol for major depression. The
anodal tDCS over frontal cortex and right inferior frontal gyrus show promising therapeutic effects in
ADHD. For tinnitus the most frequent used protocols are bifrontal and bilateral tDCS applied over
dorsolateral PFC and auditory cortex. Anodal tDCS over frontal cortex particularly LDLPFC and temporal
cortex showed therapeutic efficacy in AD. For schizophrenia, tDCS has shown effectiveness in
reducing the disease’s symptoms ranging from auditory hallucinations which the effects were the most
marked to working memory, learning, negative and cognitive symptoms. The frequently used sites of
stimulation were PFC and temporal cortex.
Conclusion: The current evidence showed the therapeutic efficacies of tDCS as adjunctive or alternative
treatment option for different neuropsychiatric disorders. TDCS due to its safe and cost-effective profile
could be developed for symptoms amelioration or at least cognitive enhancement in these disorders.
However, further studies with big sample size should be conducted to develop effective protocol for each
disorder as well as understanding the mechanisms of action of tDCS in neuropsychiatric disorders.
