Abstract
Intrinsic and acquired multidrug resistance in Gram-negative bacteria owes much to the synergy between limited outer membrane permeability and energy-dependent multidrug efflux. The importance of the outer membrane vis-a-vis resistance is aptly demonstrated by the impact of mutational changes in outer membrane constituents on drug susceptibility. Changes in lipopolysaccharide (LPS) that correlate with increased drug susceptibility confirm, for example, the significance of this macromolecule in the intrinsic antimicrobial resistance of Gram-negative bacteria. Alterations in LPS and porins correlating with increased resistance to a variety of antimicrobials are also known and highlight the significance of the outer membrane vis-a-vis acquired antimicrobial resistance. Efflux systems accommodating a range of structurally distinct antimicrobials, including antibiotics, detergents, dyes, biocides and aromatic hydrocarbons have been identified in a number of Gram-negative organisms. Mutational studies have confirmed the importance of these systems to intrinsic and acquired antimicrobial resistance in important disease-causing organisms. As such, strategies aimed at thwarting efflux and or the outer membrane barrier are effective at reversing antimicrobial resistance in these organisms.
Keywords: mdr, multidrug efflux, antimicrobial resistance, rnd-mfp-omf
Current Pharmaceutical Biotechnology
Title: Outer Membranes and Efflux: The Path to Multidrug Resistance in Gram- Negative Bacteria
Volume: 3 Issue: 2
Author(s): Keith Poole
Affiliation:
Keywords: mdr, multidrug efflux, antimicrobial resistance, rnd-mfp-omf
Abstract: Intrinsic and acquired multidrug resistance in Gram-negative bacteria owes much to the synergy between limited outer membrane permeability and energy-dependent multidrug efflux. The importance of the outer membrane vis-a-vis resistance is aptly demonstrated by the impact of mutational changes in outer membrane constituents on drug susceptibility. Changes in lipopolysaccharide (LPS) that correlate with increased drug susceptibility confirm, for example, the significance of this macromolecule in the intrinsic antimicrobial resistance of Gram-negative bacteria. Alterations in LPS and porins correlating with increased resistance to a variety of antimicrobials are also known and highlight the significance of the outer membrane vis-a-vis acquired antimicrobial resistance. Efflux systems accommodating a range of structurally distinct antimicrobials, including antibiotics, detergents, dyes, biocides and aromatic hydrocarbons have been identified in a number of Gram-negative organisms. Mutational studies have confirmed the importance of these systems to intrinsic and acquired antimicrobial resistance in important disease-causing organisms. As such, strategies aimed at thwarting efflux and or the outer membrane barrier are effective at reversing antimicrobial resistance in these organisms.
Export Options
About this article
Cite this article as:
Poole Keith, Outer Membranes and Efflux: The Path to Multidrug Resistance in Gram- Negative Bacteria, Current Pharmaceutical Biotechnology 2002; 3 (2) . https://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1389201023378454
DOI https://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1389201023378454 |
Print ISSN 1389-2010 |
Publisher Name Bentham Science Publisher |
Online ISSN 1873-4316 |
Call for Papers in Thematic Issues
Artificial Intelligence in Bioinformatics
Bioinformatics is an interdisciplinary field that analyzes and explores biological data. This field combines biology and information system. Artificial Intelligence (AI) has attracted great attention as it tries to replicate human intelligence. It has become common technology for analyzing and solving complex data and problems and encompasses sub-fields of machine ...read more
Latest Advancements in Biotherapeutics
The scope of this thematic issue is to comprehensively explore the rapidly evolving landscape of biotherapeutics, emphasizing breakthroughs in precision medicine. Encompassing diverse therapeutic modalities, the issue will delve into the latest developments in monoclonal antibodies, CRISPR/Cas gene editing, CAR-T cell therapies, and innovative drug delivery systems, such as nanoparticle-based ...read more
![](/images/wayfinder.jpg)
- Author Guidelines
- Graphical Abstracts
- Fabricating and Stating False Information
- Research Misconduct
- Post Publication Discussions and Corrections
- Publishing Ethics and Rectitude
- Increase Visibility of Your Article
- Archiving Policies
- Peer Review Workflow
- Order Your Article Before Print
- Promote Your Article
- Manuscript Transfer Facility
- Editorial Policies
- Allegations from Whistleblowers
Related Articles
-
CelluSpots Arrays as an Alternative to Peptide Arrays on Membrane Supports
Mini-Reviews in Organic Chemistry The Contribution of γδ T Cells to the Pathogenesis of EAE and MS
Current Molecular Medicine Hematopoietic Stem Cells Therapies
Current Stem Cell Research & Therapy The Role of COX-1 and COX-2 in Alzheimers Disease Pathology and the Therapeutic Potentials of Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs
Current Drug Targets - CNS & Neurological Disorders Tetrahydrobiopterin Pathway may Provide Novel Molecular Targets for Acute and Long Term Efficacy of Mood-Regulating Drugs
Current Pharmacogenomics and Personalized Medicine Gestational Exposure to Variable Stressors Produces Decrements in Cognitive and Neural Development of Juvenile Male and Female Rats
Current Topics in Medicinal Chemistry The Central Vasopressinergic System: Examining the Opportunities for Psychiatric Drug Development
Current Pharmaceutical Design Identification of Chronic Hypersensitivity Pneumonitis Biomarkers with Machine Learning and Differential Co-expression Analysis
Current Gene Therapy Natural and Synthetic Agents Targeting Inflammation and Angiogenesis for Chemoprevention of Prostate Cancer
Current Cancer Drug Targets Current Evaluation of the Millennium Phytomedicine- Ginseng (II): Collected Chemical Entities, Modern Pharmacology, and Clinical Applications Emanated from Traditional Chinese Medicine
Current Medicinal Chemistry Fluorescein Fluorescence Use in the Management of Intracranial Neoplastic and Vascular Lesions: A Review and Report of a New Technique
Current Drug Discovery Technologies Large Granular Lymphocyte (LGL) Leukemia: Pathobiology, Diagnosis and Treatment
Current Cancer Therapy Reviews Step-Wise Refolding of Recombinant Proteins
Current Pharmaceutical Biotechnology Biomedical Applications of Carbon Nanotubes: A Critical Review
Current Drug Delivery Interleukin-1β Increases Release of Endothelin-1 and Tumor Necrosis Factor as Well as Reactive Oxygen Species by Peripheral Leukocytes During Experimental Subarachnoid Hemorrhage
Current Neurovascular Research Genomic Approaches and Oxygen Radical Measurement as Biomarker Candidates of Off-Season Predictor of Pollinosis: A Pilot Study
Current Pharmacogenomics and Personalized Medicine Emerging Treatment Approaches for COVID-19 Infection: A Critical Review
Current Molecular Medicine Low Dose Aspirin, COX-Inhibition and Chemoprevention of Colorectal Cancer
Current Topics in Medicinal Chemistry The Impact of microRNAs in Breast Cancer Angiogenesis and Progression
MicroRNA Thalidomide: A Banned Drug Resurged into Future Anticancer Drug
Current Drug Therapy