Abstract
Among the major Coronary Risk Factors (CRF) cigarette smoking has shown undoubtedly harmful effects on the heart and blood vessels either as active smoking (smoking a cigarette) or passive smoking (exposure to environmental tobacco smoke -ETS). The strong relationship between cigarette smoking and cardiovascular disease has been seen independent of the other CRF in a number of well-designated epidemiologic studies. However, a strong increase in the excess of cardiovascular risk has been defined along with the interaction of cigarette smoking and other major CRF. Thousands of pharmacologically active substances are present in tobacco smoke, and a large number of direct and indirect effects have been demonstrated. Different responses are also related to these types of exposure: active exposure or passive exposure. The cardiovascular risk increases with increasing levels of blood pressure and / or serum cholesterol and diabetes mellitus, and at each level of these three risk factors, distributed with different rates according to age and gender in individuals, the risk in active smokers or passive smokers is greater than the risk in nonsmokers. Further analytical and methodological observations are needed for better understanding of the chemical and biological synergism. Nevertheless, evidence is clear that cigarette smoking greatly increases the risk of cardiovascular diseases in individuals already at increased risk because of other CRF. Preventive measures must be absolutely conducted to prevent the CRF interaction. These are the changes in lifestyle (i.e. to give up smoking and make physical activity), drug administration, diet supplementation especially by those substances with antioxidant effects.
Keywords: cigarette smoking, coronary risk factors, atherosclerosis, cardiovascular disease, environmental tobacco smoke, serum cholesterol, crf interaction, antioxidant effects
Current Pharmaceutical Design
Title: Relationship Between Cigarette Smoking and Other Coronary Risk Factors in Atherosclerosis: Risk of Cardiovascular Disease and Preventive Measures
Volume: 9 Issue: 29
Author(s): Aurelio Leone
Affiliation:
Keywords: cigarette smoking, coronary risk factors, atherosclerosis, cardiovascular disease, environmental tobacco smoke, serum cholesterol, crf interaction, antioxidant effects
Abstract: Among the major Coronary Risk Factors (CRF) cigarette smoking has shown undoubtedly harmful effects on the heart and blood vessels either as active smoking (smoking a cigarette) or passive smoking (exposure to environmental tobacco smoke -ETS). The strong relationship between cigarette smoking and cardiovascular disease has been seen independent of the other CRF in a number of well-designated epidemiologic studies. However, a strong increase in the excess of cardiovascular risk has been defined along with the interaction of cigarette smoking and other major CRF. Thousands of pharmacologically active substances are present in tobacco smoke, and a large number of direct and indirect effects have been demonstrated. Different responses are also related to these types of exposure: active exposure or passive exposure. The cardiovascular risk increases with increasing levels of blood pressure and / or serum cholesterol and diabetes mellitus, and at each level of these three risk factors, distributed with different rates according to age and gender in individuals, the risk in active smokers or passive smokers is greater than the risk in nonsmokers. Further analytical and methodological observations are needed for better understanding of the chemical and biological synergism. Nevertheless, evidence is clear that cigarette smoking greatly increases the risk of cardiovascular diseases in individuals already at increased risk because of other CRF. Preventive measures must be absolutely conducted to prevent the CRF interaction. These are the changes in lifestyle (i.e. to give up smoking and make physical activity), drug administration, diet supplementation especially by those substances with antioxidant effects.
Export Options
About this article
Cite this article as:
Leone Aurelio, Relationship Between Cigarette Smoking and Other Coronary Risk Factors in Atherosclerosis: Risk of Cardiovascular Disease and Preventive Measures, Current Pharmaceutical Design 2003; 9 (29) . https://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1381612033453802
DOI https://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1381612033453802 |
Print ISSN 1381-6128 |
Publisher Name Bentham Science Publisher |
Online ISSN 1873-4286 |
Call for Papers in Thematic Issues
Blood-based biomarkers in large-scale screening for neurodegenerative diseases
Disease biomarkers are necessary tools that can be employ in several clinical context of use (COU), ranging from the (early) diagnosis, prognosis, prediction, to monitor of disease state and/or drug efficacy. Regarding neurodegenerative diseases, in particular Alzheimer’s disease (AD), a battery of well-validated biomarkers are available, such as cerebrospinal fluid ...read more
Current Pharmaceutical challenges in the treatment and diagnosis of neurological dysfunctions
Neurological dysfunctions (MND, ALS, MS, PD, AD, HD, ALS, Autism, OCD etc..) present significant challenges in both diagnosis and treatment, often necessitating innovative approaches and therapeutic interventions. This thematic issue aims to explore the current pharmaceutical landscape surrounding neurological disorders, shedding light on the challenges faced by researchers, clinicians, and ...read more
Diabetes mellitus: advances in diagnosis and treatment driving by precision medicine
Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a chronic degenerative metabolic disease with ever increasing prevalence worldwide which is now an epidemic disease affecting 500 million people worldwide. Insufficient insulin secretion from pancreatic β cells unable to maintain blood glucose homeostasis is the main feature of this disease. Multifactorial and complex nature of ...read more
Emerging and re-emerging diseases
Faced with a possible endemic situation of COVID-19, the world has experienced two important phenomena, the emergence of new infectious diseases and/or the resurgence of previously eradicated infectious diseases. Furthermore, the geographic distribution of such diseases has also undergone changes. This context, in turn, may have a strong relationship with ...read more
- Author Guidelines
- Graphical Abstracts
- Fabricating and Stating False Information
- Research Misconduct
- Post Publication Discussions and Corrections
- Publishing Ethics and Rectitude
- Increase Visibility of Your Article
- Archiving Policies
- Peer Review Workflow
- Order Your Article Before Print
- Promote Your Article
- Manuscript Transfer Facility
- Editorial Policies
- Allegations from Whistleblowers
- Announcements
Related Articles
-
Amyloidogenicity of p53: A Hidden Link Between Protein Misfolding and Cancer
Current Protein & Peptide Science Actions of Adjunctive Nutritional Antioxidants in Periodontitis and Prevalent Systemic Inflammatory Diseases
Endocrine, Metabolic & Immune Disorders - Drug Targets Comparison Between Computed Tomography Angiography and Digital Subtraction Angiography in Critical Lower Limb Ischemia
Current Medical Imaging C-Peptide and its Correlation to Parameters of Insulin Resistance in the Metabolic Syndrome
CNS & Neurological Disorders - Drug Targets Opioid Dependency and Myocardial Infarction: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Current Reviews in Clinical and Experimental Pharmacology Stroke and Hypertension: An Appraisal from Pathophysiology to Clinical Practice
Current Vascular Pharmacology Coffee: A Selected Overview of Beneficial or Harmful Effects on the Cardiovascular System?
Current Vascular Pharmacology Cytokines as Therapeutic Targets to Reduce Cardiovascular Risk in Chronic Inflammation
Current Pharmaceutical Design The FDG-PET Revolution of Medical Imaging – Four Decades and Beyond
Current Molecular Imaging (Discontinued) Do Adenosine Receptors Offer New Therapeutic Options for Diabetic Nephropathy?
Current Vascular Pharmacology Outcomes of Anticoagulant Therapy with Low-Molecular-Weight Heparin (LMWH) and Warfarin for Thromboangiitis Obliterans (TAO)
Current Vascular Pharmacology Momordicacharantia: A New Strategic Vision to Improve the Therapy of Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress
Current Pharmaceutical Design Non Enzymatic Glycated Proteins in the Blood and Cardiovascular Disease
Current Pharmaceutical Design Stroke Prevention: From Available Antiplatelet Drugs to Novel Molecular Targets
Current Drug Targets 2-Mercapto Benzothiazole Derivatives: As Potential Leads for the Diabetic Management
Medicinal Chemistry Insulin Attenuates Diabetes-Related Mitochondrial Alterations: A Comparative Study
Medicinal Chemistry Obesity and Inflammation and Altered Clopidogrel Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics
Drug Metabolism Letters The Frequency and Risk Factors of Diabetic Foot Ulcer Recurrence Among Jordanian Patients with Diabetes
Current Diabetes Reviews Adjunctive Strategies in the Management of Resistant, ‘Undilatable’ Coronary Lesions After Successfully Crossing a CTO with a Guidewire
Current Cardiology Reviews Classification of Therapeutic and Experimental Drugs for Brown Adipose Tissue Activation: Potential Treatment Strategies for Diabetes and Obesity
Current Diabetes Reviews