Abstract
Introduction: Diabetic neuropathy is a common complication of diabetes. It adversely affects the lives of most diabetics. It is the leading cause of non-traumatic limb amputation. Diabetic autonomic neuropathy can target any system and increases morbidity and mortality. Treatment begins with adequate glycemic control but despite this, many patients go on to develop neuropathy which suggests there are additional and unidentified, as yet, pathological mechanisms in place. Although several theories exist, the exact mechanisms are not yet established. Disease modifying treatment requires a more complete understanding of the mechanisms of disease.
Pathways Involved: This review discusses the potential pathological mechanisms of diabetic neuropathy, including the polyol pathway, hexosamine pathway, protein kinase C, advanced glycation end product formation, polyADP ribose polymerase, and the role of oxidative stress, inflammation, growth factors and lipid abnormalities. Finally it focuses on how possible changes in glutamate signaling pathways fit into the current theories. Conclusion: Insights into the mechanisms involving gene expression in diabetic neuropathy can help pinpoint genes with altered expression. This will help in the development of novel alternative therapeutic strategies to significantly slow the progression of neuropathy in susceptible individuals and perhaps even prevention.Keywords: Diabetic neuropathy, autonomic neuropathy, pathophysiology, glutamate.
Current Diabetes Reviews
Title:Diabetic Neuropathy: Update on Pathophysiological Mechanism and the Possible Involvement of Glutamate Pathways
Volume: 13 Issue: 5
Author(s): Nadia Hussain and Thomas E. Adrian*
Affiliation:
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, UAE University, P.O. Box: 17666, Al Ain,United Arab Emirates
Keywords: Diabetic neuropathy, autonomic neuropathy, pathophysiology, glutamate.
Abstract: Introduction: Diabetic neuropathy is a common complication of diabetes. It adversely affects the lives of most diabetics. It is the leading cause of non-traumatic limb amputation. Diabetic autonomic neuropathy can target any system and increases morbidity and mortality. Treatment begins with adequate glycemic control but despite this, many patients go on to develop neuropathy which suggests there are additional and unidentified, as yet, pathological mechanisms in place. Although several theories exist, the exact mechanisms are not yet established. Disease modifying treatment requires a more complete understanding of the mechanisms of disease.
Pathways Involved: This review discusses the potential pathological mechanisms of diabetic neuropathy, including the polyol pathway, hexosamine pathway, protein kinase C, advanced glycation end product formation, polyADP ribose polymerase, and the role of oxidative stress, inflammation, growth factors and lipid abnormalities. Finally it focuses on how possible changes in glutamate signaling pathways fit into the current theories. Conclusion: Insights into the mechanisms involving gene expression in diabetic neuropathy can help pinpoint genes with altered expression. This will help in the development of novel alternative therapeutic strategies to significantly slow the progression of neuropathy in susceptible individuals and perhaps even prevention.Export Options
About this article
Cite this article as:
Hussain Nadia and Adrian E. Thomas*, Diabetic Neuropathy: Update on Pathophysiological Mechanism and the Possible Involvement of Glutamate Pathways, Current Diabetes Reviews 2017; 13 (5) . https://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1573399812666160624122605
DOI https://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1573399812666160624122605 |
Print ISSN 1573-3998 |
Publisher Name Bentham Science Publisher |
Online ISSN 1875-6417 |
Call for Papers in Thematic Issues
Advancing Diabetic Wound Healing: Mechanisms and Interventions
In recent years, diabetic wounds have become a global health concern with the increase in the incidence of diabetes. Diabetic wounds are a kind of chronic and refractory ulcer. It is generally due to the microcirculatory disturbances and the reduced levels of endogenous growth factors. Delayed cutaneous wound healing is ...read more
Oxidative and inflammatory responses in the development of secondary diabetic complications
Diabetes, along with its associated secondary complications, represents a significant global health challenge, contributing significantly to morbidity and mortality. Unhealthy lifestyle habits, reduced physical activity, environmental pollutants, and stress are pivotal factors in the onset of diabetes, particularly type-2 diabetes. Poorly managed hyperglycemia can lead to various complications, including neuropathy, ...read more
- Author Guidelines
- Graphical Abstracts
- Fabricating and Stating False Information
- Research Misconduct
- Post Publication Discussions and Corrections
- Publishing Ethics and Rectitude
- Increase Visibility of Your Article
- Archiving Policies
- Peer Review Workflow
- Order Your Article Before Print
- Promote Your Article
- Manuscript Transfer Facility
- Editorial Policies
- Allegations from Whistleblowers
- Announcements
Related Articles
-
Type 2 Diabetes and Risk for Functional Decline and Disability in Older Persons
Current Diabetes Reviews GLUT4 Associated Proteins as Therapeutic Targets for Diabetes
Recent Patents on Endocrine, Metabolic & Immune Drug Discovery How to Overcome Diabetic Retinopathy: Focusing on Blood-Retinal Barrier
Immunology, Endocrine & Metabolic Agents in Medicinal Chemistry (Discontinued) Immunotherapy-Based Strategies for the Treatment of Autoimmune Diabetes: Searching for the Cure
Current Pharmaceutical Design Unique Insights into the Actions of CNS Agents: Lessons from Studies of Chlorpyrifos and Other Common Pesticides
Central Nervous System Agents in Medicinal Chemistry Minoxidil Use in Dermatology, Side Effects and Recent Patents
Recent Patents on Inflammation & Allergy Drug Discovery Intra-Renal Hemodynamic Changes After Habitual Physical Activity in Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease
Current Pharmaceutical Design Roles of p38-MAPK in Insulin Resistant Heart: Evidence from Bench to Future Bedside Application
Current Pharmaceutical Design Curcumin as an Adjuvant to Breast Cancer Treatment
Anti-Cancer Agents in Medicinal Chemistry An Efficacy and Safety Study of Remogliflozin in Obese Indian Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Patients Who Were Inadequately Controlled on Insulin Glargine Plus other Oral Hypoglycemic Agents
Current Diabetes Reviews Bone Effects of Glitazones and Other Anti-Diabetic Drugs
Current Drug Safety Preface
Current Medicinal Chemistry Treating Hypertension in the Elderly: Common Problems and Solutions
Current Hypertension Reviews Measuring Glycaemic Variation
Current Diabetes Reviews Augmentation Therapy with Alpha1-antitrypsin: Novel Perspectives
Cardiovascular & Hematological Disorders-Drug Targets Kinin Receptors in Vascular Biology and Pathology
Current Vascular Pharmacology Oxidative Stress in the Hypothalamus: the Importance of Calcium Signaling and Mitochondrial ROS in Body Weight Regulation
Current Neuropharmacology An Updated Review for the Diabetic Wound Healing Systems
Current Drug Targets Potential Therapeutic Benefits of Maintaining Mitochondrial Health in Peripheral Neuropathies
Current Neuropharmacology Effects of Antioxidant Polyphenols on TNF-Alpha-Related Diseases
Current Topics in Medicinal Chemistry