Abstract
Background: Glaucoma is characterized as a neuropathic disease that causes progressive degeneration of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) in the retina, resulting in irreversible loss of vision. All conventional treatments for glaucoma are focused on reducing intraocular pressure (IOP) in the anterior chamber of the eye. However, these treatments alone are insufficient to halt the progression of the disease. As a result, neuroprotective strategies have been developed that prevent retinal neuron loss and disease progression. Methods: The goal of this review is to summarize and discuss neuroprotective strategies in glaucoma at the level of the retina and the ganglion cell layer instead of treatments targeting IOP. Recent and past neuroprotective therapies used to prevent the loss of retinal ganglion cells, the loss of axons in the optic nerve and the loss of vision and function associated with glaucoma are presented. Results: Pharmacological approaches have targeted specific receptors, signaling cascades and neurotrophic factors to induce neuroprotection in the retina, while others have focused on the mechanism of cellular loss associated with glaucoma, including excitotoxicity, oxidative stress and apoptotic processes. In addition to neuroprotective pharmacological treatments, stem cell, gene therapy and viral research have demonstrated neuroprotection against the loss of RGCs in glaucomatous conditions. Conclusion: It is likely that future development for glaucoma treatment will include a combination of these treatments to prevent the pathophysiology of glaucoma.
Keywords: Glaucoma, retina, neuroprotection, neuropharmacology, stem cells, gene therapy, glaucoma treatment, cholinergic neuroprotection.
Current Pharmaceutical Design
Title:Neuroprotective Strategies in Glaucoma
Volume: 22 Issue: 14
Author(s): Cynthia A. Gossman, John Christie, Mark K. Webster, David M. Linn and Cindy L. Linn
Affiliation:
Keywords: Glaucoma, retina, neuroprotection, neuropharmacology, stem cells, gene therapy, glaucoma treatment, cholinergic neuroprotection.
Abstract: Background: Glaucoma is characterized as a neuropathic disease that causes progressive degeneration of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) in the retina, resulting in irreversible loss of vision. All conventional treatments for glaucoma are focused on reducing intraocular pressure (IOP) in the anterior chamber of the eye. However, these treatments alone are insufficient to halt the progression of the disease. As a result, neuroprotective strategies have been developed that prevent retinal neuron loss and disease progression. Methods: The goal of this review is to summarize and discuss neuroprotective strategies in glaucoma at the level of the retina and the ganglion cell layer instead of treatments targeting IOP. Recent and past neuroprotective therapies used to prevent the loss of retinal ganglion cells, the loss of axons in the optic nerve and the loss of vision and function associated with glaucoma are presented. Results: Pharmacological approaches have targeted specific receptors, signaling cascades and neurotrophic factors to induce neuroprotection in the retina, while others have focused on the mechanism of cellular loss associated with glaucoma, including excitotoxicity, oxidative stress and apoptotic processes. In addition to neuroprotective pharmacological treatments, stem cell, gene therapy and viral research have demonstrated neuroprotection against the loss of RGCs in glaucomatous conditions. Conclusion: It is likely that future development for glaucoma treatment will include a combination of these treatments to prevent the pathophysiology of glaucoma.
Export Options
About this article
Cite this article as:
Gossman A. Cynthia, Christie John, Webster K. Mark, Linn M. David and Linn L. Cindy, Neuroprotective Strategies in Glaucoma, Current Pharmaceutical Design 2016; 22 (14) . https://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1381612822666160128144747
DOI https://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1381612822666160128144747 |
Print ISSN 1381-6128 |
Publisher Name Bentham Science Publisher |
Online ISSN 1873-4286 |
Call for Papers in Thematic Issues
Blood-based biomarkers in large-scale screening for neurodegenerative diseases
Disease biomarkers are necessary tools that can be employ in several clinical context of use (COU), ranging from the (early) diagnosis, prognosis, prediction, to monitor of disease state and/or drug efficacy. Regarding neurodegenerative diseases, in particular Alzheimer’s disease (AD), a battery of well-validated biomarkers are available, such as cerebrospinal fluid ...read more
Current Pharmaceutical challenges in the treatment and diagnosis of neurological dysfunctions
Neurological dysfunctions (MND, ALS, MS, PD, AD, HD, ALS, Autism, OCD etc..) present significant challenges in both diagnosis and treatment, often necessitating innovative approaches and therapeutic interventions. This thematic issue aims to explore the current pharmaceutical landscape surrounding neurological disorders, shedding light on the challenges faced by researchers, clinicians, and ...read more
Diabetes mellitus: advances in diagnosis and treatment driving by precision medicine
Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a chronic degenerative metabolic disease with ever increasing prevalence worldwide which is now an epidemic disease affecting 500 million people worldwide. Insufficient insulin secretion from pancreatic β cells unable to maintain blood glucose homeostasis is the main feature of this disease. Multifactorial and complex nature of ...read more
Emerging and re-emerging diseases
Faced with a possible endemic situation of COVID-19, the world has experienced two important phenomena, the emergence of new infectious diseases and/or the resurgence of previously eradicated infectious diseases. Furthermore, the geographic distribution of such diseases has also undergone changes. This context, in turn, may have a strong relationship with ...read more
- Author Guidelines
- Graphical Abstracts
- Fabricating and Stating False Information
- Research Misconduct
- Post Publication Discussions and Corrections
- Publishing Ethics and Rectitude
- Increase Visibility of Your Article
- Archiving Policies
- Peer Review Workflow
- Order Your Article Before Print
- Promote Your Article
- Manuscript Transfer Facility
- Editorial Policies
- Allegations from Whistleblowers
- Announcements
Related Articles
-
Chemistry of the Genus Dorstenia
Current Organic Chemistry Cardiovascular Diseases and the Nitric Oxide Pathway
Current Vascular Pharmacology Development and Validation of a UPLC-MS/MS Method for the Simultaneous Determination of Verapamil and Trandolapril in Rat Plasma: Application to a Pharmacokinetic Study
Current Pharmaceutical Analysis An Efficient and Environmentally Benign Access Towards Synthesis of Novel 1,2,3-Triazolyl-pyrazoline Hybrids
Letters in Organic Chemistry The Role of Molecular Imaging in the Assessment of Cardiac Amyloidosis: State-of-the-Art
Current Radiopharmaceuticals Current Concepts of Immunopathogenesis, Diagnosis and Therapy in Whipples Disease
Current Medicinal Chemistry Coagulation and Sepsis
Endocrine, Metabolic & Immune Disorders - Drug Targets Hemodynamic Changes after Continuing or Omitting Regular Angiotensin Converting Enzyme Inhibitors before Cataract Surgery: A Comparative Study
Current Hypertension Reviews Neurologic and Cardiovascular Complications in Pediatric Life Threatening Imipramine Poisoning
Current Drug Safety MDR1/P-Glycoprotein (ABCB1) as Target for RNA Interference-Mediated Reversal of Multidrug Resistance
Current Drug Targets Fish Oil Prevents Oxidative Stress and Exerts Sustained Antiamnesic Effect After Global Cerebral Ischemia
CNS & Neurological Disorders - Drug Targets Pharmacology of Nitric Oxide: Molecular Mechanisms and Therapeutic Strategies
Current Pharmaceutical Design Increased Risk of Falls, Fall-related Injuries and Fractures in People with Type 1 and Type 2 Diabetes - A Nationwide Cohort Study
Current Drug Safety New Mucoadhesive Polymeric Film for Ophthalmic Administration of Acetazolamide
Recent Patents on Drug Delivery & Formulation Cytoprotection and Immunomodulation in Cancer Therapy
Current Medicinal Chemistry - Anti-Cancer Agents α-Fibrinogenases
Current Drug Targets - Cardiovascular & Hematological Disorders Antineovascular Agents in the Treatment of Eye Diseases
Current Pharmaceutical Design Delirium in Older Patients – A Review
Current Psychiatry Reviews Fabry Disease Cardiomyopathy: from Genes to Clinical Manifestations
Current Pharmaceutical Biotechnology Effects of Alcohol in the Lung
Current Respiratory Medicine Reviews