![conference banner](/images/conference-banner.jpeg)
Abstract
Intrinsic immune responses to acute leukemia are inhibited by a variety of mechanisms, such as aberrant antigen expression by leukemia cells, secretion of immunosuppressive cytokines and expression of inhibitory enzymes in the tumor microenvironment, expansion of immunoregulatory cells, and activation of immune checkpoint pathways, all leading to T cell dysfunction and/or exhaustion. Leukemic cells, similar to other tumor cells, hijack these inhibitory pathways to evade immune recognition and destruction by cytotoxic T lymphocytes. Thus, blockade of immune checkpoints has emerged as a highly promising approach to augment innate anti-tumor immunity in order to treat malignancies. Most evidence for the clinical efficacy of this immunotherapeutic strategy has been seen in patients with metastatic melanoma, where anti-CTLA-4 and anti-PD-1 antibodies have recently revolutionized treatment of this lethal disease with otherwise limited treatment options. To meet the high demand for new treatment strategies in acute leukemia, clinical testing of these promising therapies is commencing. Herein, we review the biology of multiple inhibitory checkpoints (including CTLA-4, PD-1, TIM-3, LAG-3, BTLA, and CD200R) and their contribution to immune evasion by acute leukemias. In addition, we discuss the current state of preclinical and clinical studies of immune checkpoint inhibition in acute leukemia, which seek to harness the body's own immune system to fight leukemic cells.
Keywords: Acute lymphoblastic leukemia, acute myeloid leukemia, co-inhibitory receptor, immune checkpoint pathway, immune evasion, immunotherapy, monoclonal antibody, T cells.
Current Drug Targets
Title:Immunomodulatory Drugs: Immune Checkpoint Agents in Acute Leukemia
Volume: 18 Issue: 3
Author(s): Hanna A. Knaus, Christopher G. Kanakry, Leo Luznik and Ivana Gojo
Affiliation:
Keywords: Acute lymphoblastic leukemia, acute myeloid leukemia, co-inhibitory receptor, immune checkpoint pathway, immune evasion, immunotherapy, monoclonal antibody, T cells.
Abstract: Intrinsic immune responses to acute leukemia are inhibited by a variety of mechanisms, such as aberrant antigen expression by leukemia cells, secretion of immunosuppressive cytokines and expression of inhibitory enzymes in the tumor microenvironment, expansion of immunoregulatory cells, and activation of immune checkpoint pathways, all leading to T cell dysfunction and/or exhaustion. Leukemic cells, similar to other tumor cells, hijack these inhibitory pathways to evade immune recognition and destruction by cytotoxic T lymphocytes. Thus, blockade of immune checkpoints has emerged as a highly promising approach to augment innate anti-tumor immunity in order to treat malignancies. Most evidence for the clinical efficacy of this immunotherapeutic strategy has been seen in patients with metastatic melanoma, where anti-CTLA-4 and anti-PD-1 antibodies have recently revolutionized treatment of this lethal disease with otherwise limited treatment options. To meet the high demand for new treatment strategies in acute leukemia, clinical testing of these promising therapies is commencing. Herein, we review the biology of multiple inhibitory checkpoints (including CTLA-4, PD-1, TIM-3, LAG-3, BTLA, and CD200R) and their contribution to immune evasion by acute leukemias. In addition, we discuss the current state of preclinical and clinical studies of immune checkpoint inhibition in acute leukemia, which seek to harness the body's own immune system to fight leukemic cells.
Export Options
About this article
Cite this article as:
Knaus A. Hanna, Kanakry G. Christopher, Luznik Leo and Gojo Ivana, Immunomodulatory Drugs: Immune Checkpoint Agents in Acute Leukemia, Current Drug Targets 2017; 18 (3) . https://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1389450116666150518095346
DOI https://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1389450116666150518095346 |
Print ISSN 1389-4501 |
Publisher Name Bentham Science Publisher |
Online ISSN 1873-5592 |
Call for Papers in Thematic Issues
Drug-Targeted Approach with Polymer Nanocomposites for Improved Therapeutics
Polymer nanocomposites have been recognized as an advanced and cutting-edge technique in drug targeting administration. These materials combine the unique features of nanoparticles with the adaptability of polymers to produce highly personalized drug administration devices. Integrating nanoparticles containing pharmaceuticals into a polymer matrix enables researchers to regulate the rates at ...read more
RNA Molecules in the Treatment of Human Diseases
Messenger and non-coding RNAs, including long and small transcripts, are mediators of gene expression. Gene expression at the RNA level shows significant aberrations in human diseases, including cancer, leukemia, lymphoma, cardiovascular diseases, and neurological disorders. Human transcripts serve either as biomarkers of diagnosis, prognosis, prediction of treatment response, and/or therapy ...read more
Therapeutic Chemical and RNA Design with Artificial Intelligence
Computer-Aided Drug Design (CADD) has emerged as a fundamental component of modern drug discovery. Molecular docking facilitates virtual screening on a large scale through structural simulations. However, traditional CADD approaches face significant limitations, as they can only screen known compounds from existing libraries. PubChem, as the most widely used chemical ...read more
![Wayfinder Image](/images/wayfinder.jpg)
- Author Guidelines
- Graphical Abstracts
- Fabricating and Stating False Information
- Research Misconduct
- Post Publication Discussions and Corrections
- Publishing Ethics and Rectitude
- Increase Visibility of Your Article
- Archiving Policies
- Peer Review Workflow
- Order Your Article Before Print
- Promote Your Article
- Manuscript Transfer Facility
- Editorial Policies
- Allegations from Whistleblowers
Related Articles
-
Gastric Cancer: Nanoparticles as Tools to Improve Treatment Efficacy
Current Pharmaceutical Design The Safety, Efficacy and Therapeutic Potential of Histone Deacetylase Inhibitors with Special Reference to Panobinostat in Gastrointestinal Tumors: A Review of Preclinical and Clinical Studies
Current Cancer Drug Targets Multi-targeted HDAC Inhibitors as Anticancer Agents: Current Status and Future Prospective
Current Medicinal Chemistry Hypoxia Inducible Factor Stabilization As a Novel Strategy to Treat Anemia
Current Medicinal Chemistry Molecularly Targeted Therapy in Breast Cancer: The New Generation
Recent Patents on Anti-Cancer Drug Discovery Novel Therapeutic Strategies for Dementia
CNS & Neurological Disorders - Drug Targets Risk of Drug Resistance and Repeated Infection with <i>Klebsiella pneumoniae</i> and <i>Escherichia coli</i> in Intensive Care Unit Cancer Patients
Combinatorial Chemistry & High Throughput Screening Recurrent Scalp Lesions from Glioblastoma: Case Report and Literature Review
Current Cancer Therapy Reviews Perinatal Gene Transfer to the Liver
Current Pharmaceutical Design Targeting MDM4 as a Novel Therapeutic Approach for Hematologic Malignancies
Current Cancer Drug Targets Updates of mTOR Inhibitors
Anti-Cancer Agents in Medicinal Chemistry Separating Fact from Fiction: Assessing the Potential of Modified Adenovirus Vectors for Use in Human Gene Therapy
Current Gene Therapy Antibodies for Therapeutic Uses and the Evolution of Biotechniques
Current Medicinal Chemistry Therapeutic Applications of Mesenchymal Stem Cells: A Comprehensive Review
Current Stem Cell Research & Therapy Targeting Tumor Suppressor p53 for Cancer Therapy: Strategies, Challenges and Opportunities
Current Drug Targets Lymphoblastoid Cell Lines Models of Drug Response: Successes and Lessons from this Pharmacogenomic Model
Current Molecular Medicine Application of Nanomedicine in Cardiovascular Diseases and Stroke
Current Pharmaceutical Design Does Diffusion Restriction Pattern on MRI Predict Stroke Etiology in a Cancer Patient?
Current Medical Imaging Targeting EGFR in Pancreatic Cancer Treatment
Current Drug Targets Targeting Cancer with Epi-Drugs: A Precision Medicine Perspective
Current Pharmaceutical Biotechnology