Title:Involvement of Trace Elements in the Pathogenesis of Prion Diseases
Volume: 15
Issue: 11
Author(s): Dai Mizuno, Hironari Koyama, Susumu Ohkawara, Yutaka Sadakane and Masahiro Kawahara
Affiliation:
Keywords:
Amyloid, combinaconformational disease, calcium homeostasis, synapse.
Abstract: Prion diseases are progressive neurodegenerative diseases that are associated with conformational changes that
convert normal cellular prion protein (PrPC) into an abnormal pathogenic prion protein (PrPSc). It is widely recognized that
prion diseases are forms of transmissible amyloidosis and are considered to be protein-misfolding diseases (conformational
diseases), a category that also includes Alzheimer’s disease. Trace elements play crucial roles in the conformational
change affecting PrPC, and increasing evidence suggests that PrPC is a metal-binding protein that is involved in the
homeostasis of Cu, Zn, and Fe. In this article, we review the current understanding of links between trace elements and the
conformational change to PrPSc, based on our studies using synthetic prion peptides, as well as other new findings. We
also focus on PrPSc-induced disruption of Ca homeostasis as a molecular mechanism for neurodegeneration in prion
diseases. Possible roles of carnosine (ß-alanyl histidine) as a candidate neuroprotective substance use in prion diseases are
also discussed.