Abstract
The most conserved cellular response to stress is the expression of heat shock proteins (hsp). These proteins participate in the repair of cellular damage after the stress, which is necessary for a positive recovery and confers further protection from subsequent insults. Since these proteins are expressed in subcellular compartments, it was thought that their function during stress conditions was circumscribed to the intracellular environment. However, it is now well established that hsp can also be present outside cells, where they appear to display a function different than the well understood chaperone role. Extracellular hsp act as alert stress signals priming other cells, particularly of the immune system, to avoid the propagation of the insult and favoring resolution. A very pertinent question to ask is what is the mechanism for the export of these proteins into the extracellular environment, since they do not possess a secretory leading signal? Different mechanisms have been proposed, including translocation across the plasma membrane and release associated with lipid vesicles, an endolysosomal pathway, and the passive release after cell death by necrosis. Extracellular hsp appears to be in membrane-bound and membrane-free forms. They could be associated with substrate or free of client proteins. All of these variants of extracellular hsp suggest that their interactions with cells may be quite diverse, both in target cell-types and the activating signal pathways. This review addresses some of our current knowledge about the function and release of extracellular hsp, in particular the major inducible form, Hsp70.
Keywords: Ectosomes, exosomes, heat shock proteins, Hsp70, immune cell activation, non-classical secretory pathway, stress, vesicles.
Current Protein & Peptide Science
Title:Extracellular Hsp70: Export and Function
Volume: 15 Issue: 3
Author(s): Antonio De Maio
Affiliation:
Keywords: Ectosomes, exosomes, heat shock proteins, Hsp70, immune cell activation, non-classical secretory pathway, stress, vesicles.
Abstract: The most conserved cellular response to stress is the expression of heat shock proteins (hsp). These proteins participate in the repair of cellular damage after the stress, which is necessary for a positive recovery and confers further protection from subsequent insults. Since these proteins are expressed in subcellular compartments, it was thought that their function during stress conditions was circumscribed to the intracellular environment. However, it is now well established that hsp can also be present outside cells, where they appear to display a function different than the well understood chaperone role. Extracellular hsp act as alert stress signals priming other cells, particularly of the immune system, to avoid the propagation of the insult and favoring resolution. A very pertinent question to ask is what is the mechanism for the export of these proteins into the extracellular environment, since they do not possess a secretory leading signal? Different mechanisms have been proposed, including translocation across the plasma membrane and release associated with lipid vesicles, an endolysosomal pathway, and the passive release after cell death by necrosis. Extracellular hsp appears to be in membrane-bound and membrane-free forms. They could be associated with substrate or free of client proteins. All of these variants of extracellular hsp suggest that their interactions with cells may be quite diverse, both in target cell-types and the activating signal pathways. This review addresses some of our current knowledge about the function and release of extracellular hsp, in particular the major inducible form, Hsp70.
Export Options
About this article
Cite this article as:
De Maio Antonio, Extracellular Hsp70: Export and Function, Current Protein & Peptide Science 2014; 15 (3) . https://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1389203715666140331113057
DOI https://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1389203715666140331113057 |
Print ISSN 1389-2037 |
Publisher Name Bentham Science Publisher |
Online ISSN 1875-5550 |
Call for Papers in Thematic Issues
Advancements in Proteomic and Peptidomic Approaches in Cancer Immunotherapy: Unveiling the Immune Microenvironment
The scope of this thematic issue centers on the integration of proteomic and peptidomic technologies into the field of cancer immunotherapy, with a particular emphasis on exploring the tumor immune microenvironment. This issue aims to gather contributions that illustrate the application of these advanced methodologies in unveiling the complex interplay ...read more
Artificial Intelligence for Protein Research
Protein research, essential for understanding biological processes and creating therapeutics, faces challenges due to the intricate nature of protein structures and functions. Traditional methods are limited in exploring the vast protein sequence space efficiently. Artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) offer promising solutions by improving predictions and speeding up ...read more
Nutrition and Metabolism in Musculoskeletal Diseases
The musculoskeletal system consists mainly of cartilage, bone, muscles, tendons, connective tissue and ligaments. Balanced metabolism is of vital importance for the homeostasis of the musculoskeletal system. A series of musculoskeletal diseases (for example, sarcopenia, osteoporosis) are resulted from the dysregulated metabolism of the musculoskeletal system. Furthermore, metabolic diseases (such ...read more
Protein Folding, Aggregation and Liquid-Liquid Phase Separation
Protein folding, misfolding and aggregation remain one of the main problems of interdisciplinary science not only because many questions are still open, but also because they are important from the point of view of practical application. Protein aggregation and formation of fibrillar structures, for example, is a hallmark of a ...read more
Related Journals
- Author Guidelines
- Graphical Abstracts
- Fabricating and Stating False Information
- Research Misconduct
- Post Publication Discussions and Corrections
- Publishing Ethics and Rectitude
- Increase Visibility of Your Article
- Archiving Policies
- Peer Review Workflow
- Order Your Article Before Print
- Promote Your Article
- Manuscript Transfer Facility
- Editorial Policies
- Allegations from Whistleblowers
Related Articles
-
A Retrospective Study on the Incidence of Seizures among Neurosurgical Patients Who Treated with Imipenem/Cilastatin or Meropenem
Current Pharmaceutical Biotechnology Novel Insights into Complex Cardiovascular Pathologies using 4D Flow Analysis by Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Current Pharmaceutical Design Gender Medicine and Pharmacoeconomics: A Narrative Review of the International Literature of the Last 5 Years. A Revision of Evidences about the Relationship Between Gender and Economic Consumption in Health
Current Pharmaceutical Design Preoperative and Follow up Multi-Detector Row CT Angiography (MDCTA) in the Evaluation of Interrupted Aortic Arch (IAA)
Current Medical Imaging Increased Radioisotope Accumulation Around Pulmonary Arteriovenous Fistula Illustrated by Tc-99m-macroaggregated Albumin Scintigraphy and SPECT/CT in a Patient with Osler-Weber-Rendu Syndrome
Current Medical Imaging Anti-Shock Garments for Obstetric Hemorrhage
Current Women`s Health Reviews Mitochondria-Targeted Antioxidants as a Therapeutic Strategy for Protecting Endothelium in Cardiovascular Diseases
Current Medicinal Chemistry Signaling Through Rho GTPase Pathway as Viable Drug Target
Current Medicinal Chemistry Immunosuppressive Treatments in Acute Myocardial Infarction and Stroke
Current Pharmaceutical Biotechnology Modern drug delivery systems for targeting the posterior segment of the eye
Current Pharmaceutical Design Biologic Agents in the Treatment of Psoriasis
Recent Patents on Inflammation & Allergy Drug Discovery Drug Therapy for Abdominal Aortic Aneurysms Utilizing Omega-3 Unsaturated Fatty Acids and Their Derivatives
Current Drug Targets New Insights into the Biology of 1-Antitrypsin and its Role in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
Current Respiratory Medicine Reviews Association of Oxidative Stress to the Genesis of Anxiety: Implications for Possible Therapeutic Interventions
Current Neuropharmacology Intracranial Stents Past, Present and the Future Trend: Stents Made with Nano-particle or Nanocomposite Biomaterials
Current Medicinal Chemistry Portal Vein Embolization: A Preoperative Approach to Improve the Safety of Major Hepatic Resection
Current Medical Imaging Editorial [Hot Topic: Stroke Prevention (Guest Editors: T. Tatlisumak, K. Rantanen and M. Fisher)]
Current Drug Targets Inflammatory Mechanisms in Atherosclerosis: The Impact of Matrix Metalloproteinases
Current Topics in Medicinal Chemistry MicroRNAs in the Management of Heart Failure
Current Medicinal Chemistry Angiotensin II and the Cardiac Complications of Diabetes Mellitus
Current Pharmaceutical Design