Title:The Effects of Incretins on Energy Homeostasis: Physiology and Implications for the Treatment of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and Obesity
Volume: 10
Issue: 6
Author(s): Spyridon Karras, Dimitrios G. Goulis, Gesthimani Mintziori, Niki Katsiki and Themistoklis Tzotzas
Affiliation:
Keywords:
Energy homeostasis, glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1), gastric inhibitory peptide (GIP), incretins, obesity, type 2
diabetes mellitus
Abstract: Energy homeostasis in mammalians is a teleological process regulated by the interplay between caloric intake
and energy expenditure. Incretins are a significant component of the complex homeostatic network regulating the metabolic
state in humans. This narrative review will focus on the basic concepts regarding incretins physiology and their
regulatory feedback mechanisms affecting energy homeostasis. In this context, glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) promotes
satiety and weight loss through centrally and peripherally mediated pathways. On the other hand, gastric inhibitory peptide
(GIP) is implicated in energy storage by its actions on adipose tissue. Understanding this biological model requires a
holistic approach, since it is dually manifested by promoting weight reduction, in the case of GLP-1, or favoring lipid accumulation,
in the case of GIP. The complete spectrum of incretin actions related to energy homeostasis is yet to be fully
elucidated. Currently, new drugs based on incretin physiology are available for treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus,
whereas the implication of similar drugs in the treatment of obesity is under investigation. These agents exert several
beneficial effects that minimize cardiovascular risk.
