Title: A Closer Look at the High Affinity Benzodiazepine Binding Site on GABAA Receptors
Volume: 11
Issue: 2
Author(s): Erwin Sigel and Benjamin P. Luscher
Affiliation:
Keywords:
Benzodiazepine, GABA, GABAA receptor, electrophysiology, binding site, allosteric modulation, Ligands, N-terminal, cDNAs, carboline, imidazopyridine, triazolopyridazine, cyclopyrrolone, allosteric, mRNA, Xenopus, mutation, immunofluorescence, HEK-293, cysteine, covalent reaction, Homology, Point Mutation, acetylcholine, diazepam, 122
Abstract: Ligands of the benzodiazepine binding site of the GABAA receptor come in three flavors: positive allosteric modulators, negative allosteric modulators and antagonists all of which can bind with high affinity. The GABAA receptor is a pentameric protein which forms a chloride selective ion channel and ligands of the benzodiazepine binding site stabilize three different conformations of this protein. Classical benzodiazepines exert a positive allosteric effect by increasing the apparent affinity of channel opening by the agonist γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA). We concentrate here on the major adult isoform, the α1β2γ2 GABAA receptor. The classical binding pocket for benzodiazepines is located in a subunit cleft between α1 and γ2 subunits in a position homologous to the agonist binding site for GABA that is located between β2 and α1 subunits. We review here approaches to this picture. In particular, point mutations were performed in combination with subsequent analysis of the expressed mutant proteins using either electrophysiological techniques or radioactive ligand binding assays. The predictive power of these methods is assessed by comparing the results with the predictions that can be made on the basis of the recently published crystal structure of the acetylcholine binding protein that shows homology to the N-terminal, extracellular domain of the GABAA receptor. In addition, we review an approach to the question of how the benzodiazepine ligands are positioned in their binding pocket. We also discuss a newly postulated modulatory site for benzodiazepines at the α1/β2 subunit interface, homologous to the classical benzodiazepine binding pocket.
