Abstract
A new nosologic vascular pattern that is defined by chronic cerebrospinal venous insufficiency (CCSVI) has been strongly associated with multiple sclerosis. The picture is characterized by significant obstacles of the main extracranial cerebrospinal veins, the jugular and the azygous system, and by the opening of substitute circles. The significance of collateral circle is still neglected. To the contrary, substitute circles are alternative pathways or vicarious venous shunts, which permit the drainage and prevent intracranial hypertension. In accordance with the pattern of obstruction, even the intracranial and the intrarachidian veins can also become substitute circles, they permit redirection of the deviated flow, piping the blood towards available venous segments outside the central nervous system. We review the complex gross and radiological anatomy of collateral circulation found activated by the means of EchoColor-Doppler and selective venography in the event of CCSVI, focusing particularly on the suboccipital cavernous sinus (SCS), the condylar venous system, the pterygoid plexus, the thyroid veins, and the emiazygous-lumbar venous anastomosis with the left renal vein.
Keywords: Cerebrospinal venous insufficiency (CCSVI), multiple sclerosis (MS), cerebral venous system, collateral circulation
Current Neurovascular Research
Title: Venous Collateral Circulation of the Extracranial Cerebrospinal Outflow Routes
Volume: 6 Issue: 3
Author(s): Paolo Zamboni, Giuseppe Consorti, Roberto Galeotti, Sergio Gianesini, Erica Menegatti, Giovanna Tacconi and Francesco Carinci
Affiliation:
Keywords: Cerebrospinal venous insufficiency (CCSVI), multiple sclerosis (MS), cerebral venous system, collateral circulation
Abstract: A new nosologic vascular pattern that is defined by chronic cerebrospinal venous insufficiency (CCSVI) has been strongly associated with multiple sclerosis. The picture is characterized by significant obstacles of the main extracranial cerebrospinal veins, the jugular and the azygous system, and by the opening of substitute circles. The significance of collateral circle is still neglected. To the contrary, substitute circles are alternative pathways or vicarious venous shunts, which permit the drainage and prevent intracranial hypertension. In accordance with the pattern of obstruction, even the intracranial and the intrarachidian veins can also become substitute circles, they permit redirection of the deviated flow, piping the blood towards available venous segments outside the central nervous system. We review the complex gross and radiological anatomy of collateral circulation found activated by the means of EchoColor-Doppler and selective venography in the event of CCSVI, focusing particularly on the suboccipital cavernous sinus (SCS), the condylar venous system, the pterygoid plexus, the thyroid veins, and the emiazygous-lumbar venous anastomosis with the left renal vein.
Export Options
About this article
Cite this article as:
Zamboni Paolo, Consorti Giuseppe, Galeotti Roberto, Gianesini Sergio, Menegatti Erica, Tacconi Giovanna and Carinci Francesco, Venous Collateral Circulation of the Extracranial Cerebrospinal Outflow Routes, Current Neurovascular Research 2009; 6 (3) . https://dx.doi.org/10.2174/156720209788970054
DOI https://dx.doi.org/10.2174/156720209788970054 |
Print ISSN 1567-2026 |
Publisher Name Bentham Science Publisher |
Online ISSN 1875-5739 |
- Author Guidelines
- Graphical Abstracts
- Fabricating and Stating False Information
- Research Misconduct
- Post Publication Discussions and Corrections
- Publishing Ethics and Rectitude
- Increase Visibility of Your Article
- Archiving Policies
- Peer Review Workflow
- Order Your Article Before Print
- Promote Your Article
- Manuscript Transfer Facility
- Editorial Policies
- Allegations from Whistleblowers
Related Articles
-
Prader-Willi Syndrome: Clinical Genetics and Diagnostic Aspects with Treatment Approaches
Current Pediatric Reviews Neuroprotective Methodologies of Co-Enzyme Q10 Mediated Brain Hemorrhagic Treatment: Clinical and Pre-Clinical Findings
CNS & Neurological Disorders - Drug Targets Combination of Therapeutic Hypothermia and Other Neuroprotective Strategies after An Ischemic Cerebral Insult
Current Neuropharmacology Insight View on Possible Role of Fluoroquinolones in Cancer Therapy
Current Topics in Medicinal Chemistry Incretin Pharmacology: A Review of the Incretin Effect and Current Incretin-Based Therapies
Cardiovascular & Hematological Agents in Medicinal Chemistry Multiparametric MRI Evaluation of Developmental Venous Anomalies in the Brain: Association with Signal Changes on FLAIR in Patients with Multiple Sclerosis
Current Medical Imaging Application of Transcranial Color-Coded Duplex Sonography in Stroke Diagnosis
Current Medical Imaging Levosimendan: A Novel Agent in Heart Failure
Recent Patents on Cardiovascular Drug Discovery Nasal Drug Delivery System-Factors Affecting and Applications
Current Drug Therapy Current Treatment Concepts of Philadelphia-Negative MPN
Current Cancer Drug Targets Role of α- and β-adrenergic Mechanisms in the Pathogenesis of Pulmonary Injuries Characterized by Edema, Inflammation and Fibrosis
Cardiovascular & Hematological Disorders-Drug Targets First-Line Treatment of Multiple Myeloma in Elderly Patients: the GIMEMA (Gruppo Italiano Malattie EMatologiche dellAdulto) Multiple Myeloma Working Party Perspective
Current Drug Targets Access-site Complications of the Transradial Approach: Rare But Still There
Current Cardiology Reviews Magnetic Resonance-Based Metabolomics for Understanding Neurological Disorders: Current Status and Statistical Considerations
Current Metabolomics Cardiovascular Physiology of Androgens and Androgen Testosterone Therapy in Postmenopausal Women
Endocrine, Metabolic & Immune Disorders - Drug Targets Hematoma Expansion: Clinical and Molecular Predictors and Corresponding Pharmacological Treatment
Current Drug Targets Diabetes and Nutritional Screening in Post-Bariatric Patients
Current Diabetes Reviews Blood Platelet Reactivity and its Pharmacological Modulation in (People with) Diabetes Mellitus
Current Pharmaceutical Design Neonatal Systemic Thrombosis: An Updated Overview
Current Vascular Pharmacology Cardiac Metabolism in Myocardial Ischemia
Current Pharmaceutical Design