Title:Insights into the Emerging Therapeutic Targets of Triple-negative Breast Cancer
Volume: 25
Issue: 1
Author(s): Magham Sai Varshini, Praveen Thaggikuppe Krishnamurthy, Ramakamma Aishwarya Reddy, Ashish Wadhwani*V.M. Chandrashekar
Affiliation:
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS
Academy of Higher Education and Research, Ooty, 643001, TN, India
- Faculty of Health Sciences, School of Pharmacy,
JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research, Mauritius, Vacoas, 73304, Mauritius
Keywords:
Triple negative breast cancer, hypoxia inducible factor-1α, matrix metalloproteinase-9, tumour necrosis factor-α, β-adrenergic receptor, voltage gated sodium channels.
Abstract: Triple-negative Breast Cancer (TNBC), the most aggressive breast cancer subtype, is
characterized by the non-appearance of estrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PR), and
human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2). Clinically, TNBC is marked by its low survival
rate, poor therapeutic outcomes, high aggressiveness, and lack of targeted therapies. Over the
past few decades, many clinical trials have been ongoing for targeted therapies in TNBC. Although
some classes, such as Poly (ADP Ribose) Polymerase (PARP) inhibitors and immunotherapies,
have shown positive therapeutic outcomes, however, clinical effects are not much satisfiable.
Moreover, the development of drug resistance is the major pattern observed in many targeted
monotherapies. The heterogeneity of TNBC might be the cause for limited clinical benefits.
Hence,, there is a need for the potential identification of new therapeutic targets to address the
above limitations. In this context, some novel targets that can address the above-mentioned concerns
are emerging in the era of TNBC therapy, which include Hypoxia Inducible Factor
(HIF-1α), Matrix Metalloproteinase 9 (MMP-9), Tumour Necrosis Factor-α (TNF-α), β-Adrenergic
Receptor (β-AR), Voltage Gated Sodium Channels (VGSCs), and Cell Cycle Regulators. Currently,
we summarize the ongoing clinical trials and discuss the novel therapeutic targets in the management
of TNBC.
