PLASTAMINATION: Outcomes on the Central Nervous System and
Reproduction

Antonietta      Santoro; Marianna      Marino; Laura   N.   Vandenberg; Marta   Anna   Szychlinska; Erwin   Pavel   Lamparelli; Federica      Scalia; Natalia   Della   Rocca; Raffaella      D’Auria; Grazia Maria      Giovanna Pastorino; Giovanna   Della   Porta; Francesca   Felicia   Operto; Andrea      Viggiano; Francesco      Cappello; Rosaria      Meccariello
doi:10.2174/1570159X22666240216085947
Abstract

Background: Environmental exposures to non-biodegradable and biodegradable plastics are unavoidable. Microplastics (MPs) and nanoplastics (NPs) from the manufacturing of plastics (primary sources) and the degradation of plastic waste (secondary sources) can enter the food chain directly or indirectly and, passing biological barriers, could target both the brain and the gonads. Hence, the worldwide diffusion of environmental plastic contamination (PLASTAMINATION) in daily life may represent a possible and potentially serious risk to human health.
Objective: This review provides an overview of the effects of non-biodegradable and the more recently introduced biodegradable MPs and NPs on the brain and brain-dependent reproductive functions, summarizing the molecular mechanisms and outcomes on nervous and reproductive organs. Data from in vitro, ex vivo, non-mammalian and mammalian animal models and epidemiological studies have been reviewed and discussed.
Results: MPs and NPs from non-biodegradable plastics affect organs, tissues and cells from sensitive systems such as the brain and reproductive organs. Both MPs and NPs induce oxidative stress, chronic inflammation, energy metabolism disorders, mitochondrial dysfunction and cytotoxicity, which in turn are responsible for neuroinflammation, dysregulation of synaptic functions, metabolic dysbiosis, poor gamete quality, and neuronal and reproductive toxicity. In spite of this mechanistic knowledge gained from studies of non-biodegradable plastics, relatively little is known about the adverse effects or molecular mechanisms of MPs and NPs from biodegradable plastics.
Conclusion: The neurological and reproductive health risks of MPs/NPs exposure warrant serious consideration, and further studies on biodegradable plastics are recommended.
Keywords: Microplastics, nano plastics, brain, neuroinflammation, neurotoxicity, gonads, gametes, reproduction.
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Graphical Abstract

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DOI https://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1570159X22666240216085947	Print ISSN 1570-159X
Publisher Name Bentham Science Publisher	Online ISSN 1875-6190
Current Neuropharmacology

PLASTAMINATION: Outcomes on the Central Nervous System and Reproduction

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