Generic placeholder image

Current Nutrition & Food Science

Editor-in-Chief

ISSN (Print): 1573-4013
ISSN (Online): 2212-3881

Review Article

Herbal Components for the Treatment of Liver Disorders: Advances and Prospective

Author(s): Tatheer Fatima, Zeashan Hussain*, Devendra Kumar Katiyar and Rishabha Malviya*

Volume 20, Issue 9, 2024

Published on: 26 January, 2024

Page: [1100 - 1111] Pages: 12

DOI: 10.2174/0115734013282941240103065848

Price: $65

Open Access Journals Promotions 2
Abstract

The situation is made worse by the absence of detailed treatment plans for liver disease, a dangerous illness. The current liver disease treatments are insufficient, and their long-term usage is prevented by systemic toxicity. Since the toxicity factor seems to be on the lower end of the spectrum, herbal remedies have been utilized for ages to treat liver ailments. This article focuses on providing insight into liver diseases along with the herbal components that are used nowadays for efficiently treating them. The given herbal components glycyrrhizin, quercetin, curcumin, silymarin, and Phyllantus niruri have proven to be efficacious in treating liver diseases with no or bare minimum side effects. The liver diseases discussed in this review article include alcoholic liver disease, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, hepatitis C, hepatitis B, hemochromatosis as well and auto-immune hepatitis. After summarization, it is concluded that these herbal components are proven to be effective in the treatment of liver diseases, and various research as well as studies have been conducted for the same.

Keywords: Alcoholic liver disease , fatty liver disease , hepatoprotection , herbal , liver disease , auto-immune hepatitis.

Graphical Abstract
[1]
Krishnan S. Liver diseases-an overview. World J Pharm Pharm Sci 2019; 8: 1385-95.
[2]
Martin LM, Sheridan MJ, Younossi ZM. The impact of liver disease on health-related quality of life: A review of the literature. Curr Gastroenterol Rep 2002; 4(1): 79-83.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11894-002-0041-z] [PMID: 11825545]
[3]
Schuppan D, Afdhal NH. Liver cirrhosis. Lancet 2008; 371(9615): 838-51.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(08)60383-9] [PMID: 18328931]
[4]
Suk KT, Kim DJ. Staging of liver fibrosis or cirrhosis: The role of hepatic venous pressure gradient measurement. World J Hepatol 2015; 7(3): 607-15.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.4254/wjh.v7.i3.607] [PMID: 25848485]
[5]
Imbert-Bismut F, Ratziu V, Pieroni L, Charlotte F, Benhamou Y, Poynard T. Biochemical markers of liver fibrosis in patients with hepatitis C virus infection: A prospective study. Lancet 2001; 357(9262): 1069-75.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(00)04258-6] [PMID: 11297957]
[6]
Lo RC, Kim H. Histopathological evaluation of liver fibrosis and cirrhosis regression. Clin Mol Hepatol 2017; 23(4): 302-7.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3350/cmh.2017.0078] [PMID: 29281870]
[7]
Tapper EB, Ufere NN, Huang DQ, Loomba R. Review article: Current and emerging therapies for the management of cirrhosis and its complications. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2022; 55(9): 1099-115.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/apt.16831] [PMID: 35235219]
[8]
Huang DQ, Terrault NA, Tacke F, et al. Global epidemiology of cirrhosis — aetiology, trends and predictions. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2023; 20(6): 388-98.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41575-023-00759-2] [PMID: 36977794]
[9]
Yoshiji H, Nagoshi S, Akahane T, et al. Evidence-based clinical practice guidelines for liver cirrhosis 2020. J Gastroenterol 2021; 56(7): 593-619.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00535-021-01788-x] [PMID: 34231046]
[10]
Stene-Johansen K, Jonassen TØ, Skaug K. Characterization and genetic variability of hepatitis A virus genotype IIIA. J Gen Virol 2005; 86(10): 2739-45.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/vir.0.81155-0] [PMID: 16186227]
[11]
Franco E, Meleleo C, Serino L, Sorbara D, Zaratti L, Hepatitis A. Hepatitis A: Epidemiology and prevention in developing countries. World J Hepatol 2012; 4(3): 68-73.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.4254/wjh.v4.i3.68] [PMID: 22489258]
[12]
Schiff ER. Atypical clinical manifestations of hepatitis A. Vaccine 1992; 10 (Suppl. 1): S18-20.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0264-410X(92)90534-Q] [PMID: 1475999]
[13]
Nainan OV, Xia G, Vaughan G, Margolis HS. Diagnosis of hepatitis a virus infection: A molecular approach. Clin Microbiol Rev 2006; 19(1): 63-79.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/CMR.19.1.63-79.2006] [PMID: 16418523]
[14]
Migueres M, Lhomme S, Izopet J. Hepatitis A: Epidemiology, high-risk groups, prevention and research on antiviral treatment. Viruses 2021; 13(10): 1900.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v13101900] [PMID: 34696330]
[15]
Siegl G. Hepatitis a-virus-infektion. Ubersicht Praxis 2003; 92(40): 1659-73.
[16]
Pallavi K, Sravani D, Durga S, et al. Hepatitis review on current and future scenario. J In Silico In Vitro Pharmacol 2017; 3(1): 1-5.
[17]
Tassopoulos NC, Papaevangelou GJ, Ticehurst JR, Purcell RH. Fecal excretion of Greek strains of hepatitis A virus in patients with hepatitis A and in experimentally infected chimpanzees. J Infect Dis 1986; 154(2): 231-7.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/infdis/154.2.231] [PMID: 3014009]
[18]
Wasley A, Fiore A, Bell BP. Hepatitis A in the era of vaccination. Epidemiol Rev 2006; 28(1): 101-11.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/epirev/mxj012] [PMID: 16775039]
[19]
Yuen MF, Chen DS, Dusheiko GM, et al. Hepatitis B virus infection. Nat Rev Dis Primers 2018; 4(1): 18035.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrdp.2018.35] [PMID: 29877316]
[20]
Van Damme E, Vanhove J, Severyn B, Verschueren L, Pauwels F. The hepatitis b virus interactome: A comprehensive overview. Front Microbiol 2021; 12: 724877.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2021.724877] [PMID: 34603251]
[21]
Bhattacharya D, Thio CL. Review of hepatitis B therapeutics. Clin Infect Dis 2010; 51(10): 1201-8.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/656624] [PMID: 20954965]
[22]
Westin J, Aleman S, Castedal M, et al. Management of hepatitis B virus infection, updated Swedish guidelines. Infect Dis 2020; 52(1): 1-22.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/23744235.2019.1675903] [PMID: 31613181]
[23]
Pouwels S, Sakran N, Graham Y, et al. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD): A review of pathophysiology, clinical management and effects of weight loss. BMC Endocr Disord 2022; 22(1): 63.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12902-022-00980-1] [PMID: 35287643]
[24]
Lau JKC, Zhang X, Yu J. Animal models of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: Current perspectives and recent advances. J Pathol 2017; 241(1): 36-44.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/path.4829] [PMID: 27757953]
[25]
Anstee QM, Targher G, Day CP. Progression of NAFLD to diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular disease or cirrhosis. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2013; 10(6): 330-44.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrgastro.2013.41] [PMID: 23507799]
[26]
Byrne CD, Targher G. NAFLD: A multisystem disease. J Hepatol 2015; 62(1) (Suppl.): S47-64.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhep.2014.12.012] [PMID: 25920090]
[27]
Romero-Gómez M, Zelber-Sagi S, Trenell M. Treatment of NAFLD with diet, physical activity and exercise. J Hepatol 2017; 67(4): 829-46.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhep.2017.05.016] [PMID: 28545937]
[28]
Nseir W, Hellou E, Assy N. Role of diet and lifestyle changes in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. World J Gastroenterol 2014; 20(28): 9338-44.
[PMID: 25071328]
[29]
El-Kader SMA, El-Den Ashmawy EM. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: The diagnosis and management. World J Hepatol 2015; 7(6): 846-58.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.4254/wjh.v7.i6.846] [PMID: 25937862]
[30]
Nd AM. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, an overview. Integr Med 2019; 18(2): 42-9.
[PMID: 31341444]
[31]
Cancado RD, Alvarenga AM, Santos PCJL. HFE hemochromatosis: An overview about therapeutic recommendations. Hematol Transfus Cell Ther 2022; 44(1): 95-9.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.htct.2021.06.020] [PMID: 34824033]
[32]
Kawabata H. The mechanisms of systemic iron homeostasis and etiology, diagnosis, and treatment of hereditary hemochromatosis. Int J Hematol 2018; 107(1): 31-43.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12185-017-2365-3] [PMID: 29134618]
[33]
Whittington CA, Kowdley KV. Haemochromatosis. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2002; 16(12): 1963-75.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2036.2002.01371.x] [PMID: 12452931]
[34]
Geller SA, Campos FPF. Hereditary hemochromatosis. Autops Case Rep 2015; 5(1): 7-10.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.4322/acr.2014.043] [PMID: 26484318]
[35]
Osna NA, Donohue TM Jr, Kharbanda KK. Alcoholic liver disease: Pathogenesis and current management. Alcohol Res 2017; 38(2): 147-61.
[PMID: 28988570]
[36]
Ishak KG, Zimmerman HJ, Ray MB. Alcoholic liver disease: Pathologic, pathogenetic and clinical aspects. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 1991; 15(1): 45-66.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1530-0277.1991.tb00518.x] [PMID: 2059245]
[37]
Bruha R, Dvorak K, Petrtyl J. Alcoholic liver disease. World J Hepatol 2012; 4(3): 81-90.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.4254/wjh.v4.i3.81] [PMID: 22489260]
[38]
Sebastiani G. Non-invasive assessment of liver fibrosis in chronic liver diseases: Implementation in clinical practice and decisional algorithms. World J Gastroenterol 2009; 15(18): 2190-203.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3748/wjg.15.2190] [PMID: 19437558]
[39]
Tsukamoto H. Conceptual importance of identifying alcoholic liver disease as a lifestyle disease. J Gastroenterol 2007; 42(8): 603-9.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00535-007-2075-3] [PMID: 17701122]
[40]
Lowe D, John S. Autoimmune hepatitis: Appraisal of current treatment guidelines. World J Hepatol 2018; 10(12): 911-23.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.4254/wjh.v10.i12.911] [PMID: 30631396]
[41]
Hennes EM, Zeniya M, Czaja AJ, et al. Simplified criteria for the diagnosis of autoimmune hepatitis. Hepatology 2008; 48(1): 169-76.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/hep.22322] [PMID: 18537184]
[42]
Kirk AP, Jain S, Pocock S, Thomas HC, Sherlock S. Late results of the royal free hospital prospective controlled trial of prednisolone therapy in hepatitis B surface antigen negative chronic active hepatitis. Gut 1980; 21(1): 78-83.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/gut.21.1.78] [PMID: 6988304]
[43]
Lamers MMH, van Oijen MGH, Pronk M, Drenth JPH. Treatment options for autoimmune hepatitis: A systematic review of randomized controlled trials. J Hepatol 2010; 53(1): 191-8.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhep.2010.01.037] [PMID: 20400196]
[44]
Vergani D, Choudhuri K, Bogdanos DP, Mieli-Vergani G. Pathogenesis of autoimmune hepatitis. Clin Liver Dis 2002; 6(3): 727-37.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1089-3261(02)00018-1] [PMID: 12362577]
[45]
Gleeson D, Heneghan MA. British society of gastroenterology (BSG) guidelines for management of autoimmune hepatitis. Gut 2011; 60(12): 1611-29.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/gut.2010.235259] [PMID: 21757447]
[46]
Gadour E. Autoimmune hepatitis: Treatment options and management review. Cureus 2021; 13(6): e15682.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.7759/cureus.15682] [PMID: 34150417]
[47]
Beste LA, Leipertz SL, Green PK, Dominitz JA, Ross D, Ioannou GN. Trends in burden of cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma by underlying liver disease in US veterans, 2001-2013. Gastroenterology 2015; 149(6): 1471-1482.e5.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1053/j.gastro.2015.07.056] [PMID: 26255044]
[48]
Stickel F, Hellerbrand C. Herbs to treat liver diseases: More than placebo? Clin Liver Dis 2015; 6(6): 136-8.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cld.515] [PMID: 31041010]
[49]
Schulz HU, Schürer M, Bässler D, Weiser D. Investigation of pharmacokinetic data of hypericin, pseudohypericin, hyperforin and the flavonoids quercetin and isorhamnetin revealed from single and multiple oral dose studies with a hypericum extract containing tablet in healthy male volunteers. Arzneimittelforschung 2005; 55(10): 561-8.
[PMID: 16294501]
[50]
Kobori M, Masumoto S, Akimoto Y, Oike H. Chronic dietary intake of quercetin alleviates hepatic fat accumulation associated with consumption of a Western-style diet in C57/BL6J mice. Mol Nutr Food Res 2011; 55(4): 530-40.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mnfr.201000392] [PMID: 21462320]
[51]
Park HR, Yoon H, Kim MK, Lee SD, Chong Y. Synthesis and antiviral evaluation of 7-O-arylmethylquercetin derivatives against SARS-associated coronavirus (SCV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV). Arch Pharm Res 2012; 35(1): 77-85.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12272-012-0108-9] [PMID: 22297745]
[52]
Li J, Huang H, Zhou W, Feng M, Zhou P. Anti-hepatitis B virus activities of geranium carolinianum L. Extracts and identification of the active components. Biol Pharm Bull 2008; 31(4): 743-7.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1248/bpb.31.743] [PMID: 18379075]
[53]
Rajagopalan R, Sridharana S, Menon VP. Hepatoprotective role of bis-demethoxy curcumin analog on the expression of matrix metalloproteinase induced by alcohol and polyunsaturated fatty acid in rats. Toxicol Mech Methods 2010; 20(5): 252-9.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/15376516.2010.482961] [PMID: 20465419]
[54]
Zeng CH, Zeng P, Deng YH, et al. The effects of curcumin derivative on experimental steatohepatitis. Zhonghua Gan Zang Bing Za Zhi 2011; 19(6): 454-9.
[PMID: 22053378]
[55]
Kim K, Kim KH, Kim HY, Cho HK, Sakamoto N, Cheong J. Curcumin inhibits hepatitis C virus replication via suppressing the Akt-SREBP-1 pathway. FEBS Lett 2010; 584(4): 707-12.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.febslet.2009.12.019] [PMID: 20026048]
[56]
Mouler Rechtman M, Har-Noy O, Bar-Yishay I, et al. Curcumin inhibits hepatitis B virus via down-regulation of the metabolic coactivator PGC-1α. FEBS Lett 2010; 584(11): 2485-90.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.febslet.2010.04.067] [PMID: 20434445]
[57]
Moro T, Shimoyama Y, Kushida M, et al. Glycyrrhizin and its metabolite inhibit Smad3-mediated type I collagen gene transcription and suppress experimental murine liver fibrosis. Life Sci 2008; 83(15-16): 531-9.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.lfs.2008.07.023] [PMID: 18771671]
[58]
Korenaga M, Hidaka I, Nishina S, et al. A glycyrrhizin-containing preparation reduces hepatic steatosis induced by hepatitis C virus protein and iron in mice. Liver Int 2011; 31(4): 552-60.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1478-3231.2011.02469.x] [PMID: 21382166]
[59]
Koike K. Expression of junB is markedly stimulated by glycyrrhizin in a human hepatoma cell line. Erratum in/or/31/2/1030. Oncol Rep 2011; 25(3): 609-17.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3892/or.2011.1137] [PMID: 21225234]
[60]
Chirdchupunseree H, Pramyothin P. Protective activity of phyllanthin in ethanol-treated primary culture of rat hepatocytes. J Ethnopharmacol 2010; 128(1): 172-6.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2010.01.003] [PMID: 20064596]
[61]
Thamlikitkul V, Wasuwat S, Kanchanapee P. Efficacy of phyllanthus amarus for eradication of hepatitis B virus in chronic carriers. J Med Assoc Thail 1991; 74(9): 381-6.
[62]
Ravikumar YS, Ray U, Nandhitha M, et al. Inhibition of hepatitis C virus replication by herbal extract: Phyllanthus amarus as potent natural source. Virus Res 2011; 158(1-2): 89-97.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.virusres.2011.03.014] [PMID: 21440018]
[63]
Song Z, Deaciuc I, Song M, et al. Silymarin protects against acute ethanol-induced hepatotoxicity in mice. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2006; 30(3): 407-13.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1530-0277.2006.00063.x] [PMID: 16499481]
[64]
Loguercio C, Federico A, Trappoliere M, et al. The effect of a silybin-vitamin e-phospholipid complex on nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: A pilot study. Dig Dis Sci 2007; 52(9): 2387-95.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10620-006-9703-2] [PMID: 17410454]
[65]
Wagoner J, Negash A, Kane OJ, et al. Multiple effects of silymarin on the hepatitis C virus lifecycle. Hepatology 2010; 51(6): 1912-21.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/hep.23587] [PMID: 20512985]
[66]
Wu YF, Fu SL, Kao CH, et al. Chemopreventive effect of silymarin on liver pathology in HBV X protein transgenic mice. Cancer Res 2008; 68(6): 2033-42.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-07-2450] [PMID: 18339886]
[67]
Li X, Jin Q, Yao Q, et al. The flavonoid quercetin ameliorates liver inflammation and fibrosis by regulating hepatic macrophages activation and polarization in mice. Front Pharmacol 2018; 9: 72.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2018.00072] [PMID: 29497376]
[68]
Davis JM, Murphy EA, Carmichael MD, Davis B. Quercetin increases brain and muscle mitochondrial biogenesis and exercise tolerance. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2009; 296(4): R1071-7.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.90925.2008] [PMID: 19211721]
[69]
Balazs L, Leon M. Evidence of an oxidative challenge in the Alzheimer’s brain. Neurochem Res 1994; 19(9): 1131-7.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00965146] [PMID: 7824065]
[70]
Rather RA, Bhagat M. Quercetin as an innovative therapeutic tool for cancer chemoprevention: Molecular mechanisms and implications in human health. Cancer Med 2020; 9(24): 9181-92.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cam4.1411] [PMID: 31568659]
[71]
Gibellini L, Pinti M, Nasi M, et al. Interfering with ROS metabolism in cancer cells: The potential role of quercetin. Cancers (Basel) 2010; 2(2): 1288-311.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cancers2021288] [PMID: 24281116]
[72]
Almatroodi SA, Alsahli MA, Almatroudi A, et al. Potential therapeutic targets of quercetin, a plant flavonol, and its role in the therapy of various types of cancer through the modulation of various cell signaling pathways. Molecules 2021; 26(5): 1315.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules26051315] [PMID: 33804548]
[73]
Sak K. Site-specific anticancer effects of dietary flavonoid quercetin. Nutr Cancer 2014; 66(2): 177-93.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01635581.2014.864418] [PMID: 24377461]
[74]
Kim HP, Mani I, Iversen L, Ziboh VA. Effects of naturally-occurring flavonoids and biflavonoids on epidermal cyclooxygenase and lipoxygenase from guinea-pigs. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 1998; 58(1): 17-24.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0952-3278(98)90125-9] [PMID: 9482162]
[75]
Indira M, Vidhya A. Protective effect of quercetin in the regression of ethanol-induced hepatotoxicity. Indian J Pharm Sci 2009; 71(5): 527-32.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/0250-474X.58186] [PMID: 20502571]
[76]
Vicente-Sánchez C, Egido J, Sánchez-González PD, Pérez-Barriocanal F, López-Novoa JM, Morales AI. Effect of the flavonoid quercetin on cadmium-induced hepatotoxicity. Food Chem Toxicol 2008; 46(6): 2279-87.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fct.2008.03.009] [PMID: 18433971]
[77]
Liu CM, Ma JQ, Xie WR, et al. Quercetin protects mouse liver against nickel-induced DNA methylation and inflammation associated with the Nrf2/HO-1 and p38/STAT1/NF-κB pathway. Food Chem Toxicol 2015; 82: 19-26.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fct.2015.05.001] [PMID: 25957741]
[78]
Sarkar A, Sil PC. Iron oxide nanoparticles mediated cytotoxicity via PI3K/AKT pathway: Role of quercetin. Food Chem Toxicol 2014; 71: 106-15.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fct.2014.06.003] [PMID: 24937022]
[79]
Tseng HL, Li CJ, Huang LH, et al. Quercetin 3-O-methyl ether protects FL83B cells from copper induced oxidative stress through the PI3K/Akt and MAPK/Erk pathway. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2012; 264(1): 104-13.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.taap.2012.07.022] [PMID: 22842013]
[80]
Miltonprabu S, Tomczyk M, Skalicka-Woźniak K, et al. Hepatoprotective effect of quercetin: From chemistry to medicine. Food Chem Toxicol 2017; 108(Pt B): 365-74.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fct.2016.08.034] [PMID: 27591927]
[81]
Zhao X, Wang J, Deng Y, et al. Quercetin as a protective agent for liver diseases: A comprehensive descriptive review of the molecular mechanism. Phytother Res 2021; 35(9): 4727-47.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ptr.7104] [PMID: 34159683]
[82]
Chen X. Protective effects of quercetin on liver injury induced by ethanol. Pharmacogn Mag 2010; 6(22): 135-41.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/0973-1296.62900] [PMID: 20668581]
[83]
Gillessen A, Schmidt HHJ. Silymarin as supportive treatment in liver diseases: A narrative review. Adv Ther 2020; 37(4): 1279-301.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12325-020-01251-y] [PMID: 32065376]
[84]
Javed S, Kohli K, Ali M. Reassessing bioavailability of silymarin. Altern Med Rev 2011; 16(3): 239-49.
[PMID: 21951025]
[85]
Kondylis V, Kumari S, Vlantis K, Pasparakis M. The interplay of IKK, NF-κB and RIPK 1 signaling in the regulation of cell death, tissue homeostasis and inflammation. Immunol Rev 2017; 277(1): 113-27.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/imr.12550] [PMID: 28462531]
[86]
Gobejishvili L, Barve S, Joshi-Barve S, Uriarte S, Song Z, McClain C. Chronic ethanol-mediated decrease in cAMP primes macrophages to enhanced LPS-inducible NF-κB activity and TNF expression: Relevance to alcoholic liver disease. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2006; 291(4): G681-8.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpgi.00098.2006] [PMID: 16751174]
[87]
Guan YS, He Q, Wang MQ, Li P. Nuclear factor kappa B and hepatitis viruses. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2008; 12(3): 265-80.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1517/14728222.12.3.265] [PMID: 18269337]
[88]
Chen Z, Yu R, Xiong Y, Du F, Zhu S. A vicious circle between insulin resistance and inflammation in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Lipids Health Dis 2017; 16(1): 203.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12944-017-0572-9] [PMID: 29037210]
[89]
Robinson SM, Mann DA. Role of nuclear factor κB in liver health and disease. Clin Sci 2010; 118(12): 691-705.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/CS20090549] [PMID: 20350292]
[90]
Lieber CS, Leo MA, Cao Q, Ren C, DeCarli LM. Silymarin retards the progression of alcohol-induced hepatic fibrosis in baboons. J Clin Gastroenterol 2003; 37(4): 336-9.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00004836-200310000-00013] [PMID: 14506392]
[91]
Ferenci P, Scherzer TM, Kerschner H, et al. Silibinin is a potent antiviral agent in patients with chronic hepatitis C not responding to pegylated interferon/ribavirin therapy. Gastroenterology 2008; 135(5): 1561-7.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1053/j.gastro.2008.07.072] [PMID: 18771667]
[92]
Polyak SJ, Ferenci P, Pawlotsky JM. Hepatoprotective and antiviral functions of silymarin components in hepatitis C virus infection. Hepatology 2013; 57(3): 1262-71.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/hep.26179] [PMID: 23213025]
[93]
Sanyal AJ, Chalasani N, Kowdley KV, et al. Pioglitazone, vitamin E, or placebo for nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. N Engl J Med 2010; 362(18): 1675-85.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa0907929] [PMID: 20427778]
[94]
Lucena MI, Andrade RJ, Cruz JP, Rodriguez-Mendizabal M, Blanco E, Cuesta FS. Effects of silymarin MZ-80 on oxidative stress in patients with alcoholic cirrhosis. Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther 2002; 40(1): 2-8.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.5414/CPP40002] [PMID: 11841050]
[95]
Vogel G, Temme I. Curative antagonism of phalloidin induced liver damage with silymarin as a model of an antihepatotoxic therapy. Arzneimittelforschung 1969; 19(4): 613-5.
[PMID: 5819161]
[96]
Féher J, Lengyel G. Silymarin in the prevention and treatment of liver diseases and primary liver cancer. Curr Pharm Biotechnol 2012; 13(1): 210-7.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/138920112798868818] [PMID: 21466434]
[97]
Morishima C, Shuhart MC, Wang CC, et al. Silymarin inhibits in vitro T-cell proliferation and cytokine production in hepatitis C virus infection. Gastroenterology 2010; 138(2): 671-681.e2, 681.e1-681.e2.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1053/j.gastro.2009.09.021] [PMID: 19782083]
[98]
Saller R, Melzer J, Reichling J, Brignoli R, Meier R. An updated systematic review of the pharmacology of silymarin. Forsch Komplement Med 2007; 14(2): 70-80.
[PMID: 17464157]
[99]
Song Z, Song M, Lee DYW, Liu Y, Deaciuc IV, McClain CJ. Silymarin prevents palmitate-induced lipotoxicity in HepG2 cells: involvement of maintenance of Akt kinase activation. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol 2007; 101(4): 262-8.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1742-7843.2007.00116.x] [PMID: 17845508]
[100]
Sethi G, Sung B, Aggarwal BB. The role of curcumin in modern medicine. Herbal Drugs: Ethnomedicine to modern medicine. 2009; pp. 97-113.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-79116-4_7]
[101]
Sarkar FH, Li Y, Wang Z, Padhye S. Lesson learned from nature for the development of novel anti-cancer agents: Implication of isoflavone, curcumin, and their synthetic analogs. Curr Pharm Des 2010; 16(16): 1801-12.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/138161210791208956] [PMID: 20345353]
[102]
Aggarwal BB, Sundaram C, Malani N, Ichikawa H. Curcumin: The Indian solid gold. Adv Exp Med Biol 2007; 595: 1-75.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-46401-5_1]
[103]
Zhang XP, Zhang F, Zhang ZL, et al. Acupuncture combined with curcumin disrupts platelet-derived growth factor β receptor/extracellular signal-regulated kinase signalling and stimulates extracellular matrix degradation in carbon tetrachloride-induced hepatic fibrosis in rats. Acupunct Med 2012; 30(4): 324-30.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/acupmed-2012-010167] [PMID: 22763371]
[104]
Tang Y, Zheng S, Chen A. Curcumin eliminates leptin’s effects on hepatic stellate cell activation via interrupting leptin signaling. Endocrinology 2009; 150(7): 3011-20.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/en.2008-1601] [PMID: 19299451]
[105]
Saadati S, Sadeghi A, Mansour A, et al. Curcumin and inflammation in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: A randomized, placebo controlled clinical trial. BMC Gastroenterol 2019; 19(1): 133.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12876-019-1055-4] [PMID: 31345163]
[106]
Rivera-Espinoza Y, Muriel P. Pharmacological actions of curcumin in liver diseases or damage. Liver Int 2009; 29(10): 1457-66.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1478-3231.2009.02086.x] [PMID: 19811613]
[107]
Mirhafez SR, Dehabeh M, Hariri M, et al. Curcumin and piperine combination for the treatment of patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: A double-blind randomized placebo-controlled trial Natural Products and Human Diseases: Pharmacology. Mol Targets, Therapeutic Benefits 2021; pp. 11-9.
[108]
Li JY, Cao HY, Liu P, Cheng GH, Sun MY. Glycyrrhizic acid in the treatment of liver diseases: Literature review. BioMed Res Int 2014.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/872139]
[109]
Zang GQ, Zhou XQ, Yu H, et al. Effect of hepatocyte apoptosis induced by TNF-α on acute severe hepatitis in mouse models. World J Gastroenterol 2000; 6(5): 688-92.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3748/wjg.v6.i5.688] [PMID: 11819675]
[110]
Wu S, Wang W, Dou J, Gong L. Research progress on the protective effects of licorice-derived 18β-glycyrrhetinic acid against liver injury. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2021; 42(1): 18-26.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41401-020-0383-9] [PMID: 32144337]
[111]
Zeng CX, Yang Q, Hu Q. A comparison of the distribution of two glycyrrhizic acid epimers in rat tissues. Eur J Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 2006; 31(4): 253-8.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF03190464] [PMID: 17315535]
[112]
Rossum TGJV, Vulto AG, Man RAD, Brouwer JT, Schalm SW. glycyrrhizin as a potential treatment for chronic hepatitis C. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 1998; 12(3): 199-205.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2036.1998.00309.x] [PMID: 9570253]
[113]
Jung JC, Lee YH, Kim SH, et al. Hepatoprotective effect of licorice, the root of Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fischer, in alcohol-induced fatty liver disease. BMC Complement Altern Med 2015; 16(1): 19.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12906-016-0997-0] [PMID: 26801973]
[114]
Shi X, Yu L, Zhang Y, et al. Glycyrrhetinic acid alleviates hepatic inflammation injury in viral hepatitis disease via a HMGB1-TLR4 signaling pathway. Int Immunopharmacol 2020; 84: 106578.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.intimp.2020.106578] [PMID: 32416454]
[115]
Takahara T, Watanabe A, Shiraki K. Effects of glycyrrhizin on hepatitis B surface antigen: A biochemical and morphological study. J Hepatol 1994; 21(4): 601-9.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0168-8278(94)80108-8] [PMID: 7814808]
[116]
Ezzat MI, Okba MM, Ahmed SH, et al. In-depth hepatoprotective mechanistic study of Phyllanthus niruri: In vitro and in vivo studies and its chemical characterization. PLoS One 2020; 15(1): e0226185.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0226185] [PMID: 31940365]
[117]
Girish C, Sowjanya K, Bammigatti C, Lakshmi N. Efficacy of Phyllanthus niruri on improving liver functions in patients with alcoholic hepatitis: A double-blind randomized controlled trial. Indian J Pharmacol 2021; 53(6): 448-56.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/ijp.IJP_540_20] [PMID: 34975132]
[118]
Li Z, Ouyang H, Zhu J. Traditional Chinese medicines and natural products targeting immune cells in the treatment of metabolic-related fatty liver disease. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14: 1195146.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2023.1195146] [PMID: 37361209]
[119]
Qin X, Wang X, Tian M, et al. The role of andrographolide in the prevention and treatment of liver diseases. Phytomedicine 2023; 109: 154537.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.phymed.2022.154537] [PMID: 36610122]
[120]
EL-Shial EM, Kabbash A, El-Aasr M, El-Feky OA, El-Sherbeni SA. Elucidation of natural components of Gardenia thunbergia thunb. Leaves: Effect of methanol extract and rutin on non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Molecules 2023; 28(2): 879.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules28020879] [PMID: 36677937]
[121]
Huang W, Shen B, Li X, Zhang T, Zhou X. Benefits of combining sonchus brachyotus DC. extracts and synbiotics in alleviating non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Foods 2023; 12(18): 3393.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods12183393] [PMID: 37761102]
[122]
Marcellin P, Ahn SH, Ma X, et al. Combination of tenofovir disoproxil fumarate and peginterferon α-2a increases loss of hepatitis B surface antigen in patients with chronic hepatitis B. Gastroenterology 2016; 150(1): 134-144.e10.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1053/j.gastro.2015.09.043] [PMID: 26453773]
[123]
Meybodi SM, Rezaei P, Faraji N, et al. Curcumin and its novel formulations for the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma: New trends and future perspectives in cancer therapy. J Funct Foods 2023; 108: 105705.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jff.2023.105705]
[124]
Hui Y, Wang X, Yu Z, et al. Scoparone as a therapeutic drug in liver diseases: Pharmacology, pharmacokinetics and molecular mechanisms of action. Pharmacol Res 2020; 160: 105170.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.phrs.2020.105170] [PMID: 32877694]
[125]
Li X, Ge J, Zheng Q, Zhang J, Sun R, Liu R. Evodiamine and rutaecarpine from tetradium ruticarpum in the treatment of liver diseases. Phytomedicine 2020; 68: 153180.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.phymed.2020.153180] [PMID: 32092638]
[126]
Foghis M, Bungau SG, Bungau AF, et al. Plants-based medicine implication in the evolution of chronic liver diseases. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 158: 114207.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biopha.2022.114207] [PMID: 36916432]

Rights & Permissions Print Cite
© 2024 Bentham Science Publishers | Privacy Policy