Cognitive Rehabilitation For Early-Stage Dementia: A Review

Sanchit      Dhankhar; Prerna      Sharma; Samrat      Chauhan; Monika      Saini; Nitika      Garg; Randhir      Singh; Mohammad   Amjad   Kamal; Satish   Kumar   Sharma; Nidhi      Rani
doi:10.2174/0126660822275618231129073551
Abstract

In the primary phases of Alzheimer's disease (AD) and vascular dementia, memory impairments and cognitive abnormalities are common. Because of the rising prevalence of dementia among the elderly, it is critical to promote healthy habits that can delay the onset of cognitive decline. Cognitive training (CT) and cognitive rehabilitation (CR) are particular treatments aimed to resolve memory and further areas of cognitive working in order to overcome these challenges. These are some of the different kinds of non-pharmacological treatments like reality orientation and skills training programs that can be used to deal with the cognitive and non-cognitive repercussions. The purpose of this review is to assess the efficacy and influence of cognitive training and cognitive rehabilitation in patients who are in their early phases of Alzheimer's disease or vascular dementia. These interventions are geared toward improving the patients' memory, in addition to other aspects of their cognitive functioning.
Keywords: Alzheimer's disease, nonpharmacological, therapeutic interventions, dementia, skills training, reality orientation, cognitive therapy.
[1]
Uddin, M.S.; Rahman, M.A.; Kabir, M.T. Multifarious roles of mTOR signaling in cognitive aging and cerebrovascular dysfunction of Alzheimer’s disease. IUBMB Life,  2020, 72(9), 1843-1855.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/iub.2324] [PMID:  32472959]

[2]
Mittal, P.; Dhankhar, S.; Chauhan, S. A review on natural antioxidants for their role in the treatment of parkinson’s disease. Pharmaceuticals,  2023, 16(7), 908.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ph16070908] [PMID:  37513820]

[3]
Kumar, M.; Kumar, A.; Sindhu, R.K.; Kushwah, A.S. Arbutin attenuates monosodium L-glutamate induced neurotoxicity and cognitive dysfunction in rats. Neurochem. Int.,  2021, 151, 105217.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuint.2021.105217] [PMID:  34710534]

[4]
Dhankar, S.; Mujwar, S.; Garg, N. Artificial intelligence in the management of neurodegenerative disorders. CNS Neurol. Disord. Drug Targets,  2023, 23, 1-10.
 [PMID:  37861051]

[5]
Reifler, B.V.; Larson, E. Excess disability in dementia of the Alzheimer’s type. In: Alzheimer’s disease treatment and family stress: Directions for research; Light, E.; Lebowitz, D., Eds.; US Department of Health & Human Services, 1989; pp. 363-382.

[6]
Dhankhar, S.; Chauhan, S.; Mehta, D.K. Novel targets for potential therapeutic use in diabetes mellitus. Diabetol. Metab. Syndr.,  2023, 15(1), 17.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s13098-023-00983-5] [PMID:  36782201]

[7]
Salomone, S.; Caraci, F.; Leggio, G.M.; Fedotova, J.; Drago, F. New pharmacological strategies for treatment of Alzheimer’s disease: Focus on disease modifying drugs. Br. J. Clin. Pharmacol.,  2012, 73(4), 504-517.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2125.2011.04134.x] [PMID:  22035455]

[8]
Wei, S.; Mai, Y.; Peng, W. The effect of nonpharmacologic therapy on global cognitive functions in patients with Alzheimer’s disease: An updated meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Int. J. Neurosci.,  2020, 130(1), 28-44.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00207454.2019.1638377] [PMID:  31251099]

[9]
Clare, L.; Woods, R.T.; Moniz Cook, E.D.; Orrell, M.; Spector, A. Cognitive rehabilitation and cognitive training for early-stage Alzheimer’s disease and vascular dementia. Cochrane Libr.,  2003, 4(4), CD003260.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/14651858] [PMID:  14583963]

[10]
Small, G.W.; Rabins, P.V.; Barry, P.P. Diagnosis and treatment of Alzheimer disease and related disorders: Consensus statement of the American Association for Geriatric Psychiatry, the Alzheimer’s Association, and the American Geriatrics Society. JAMA,  1997, 278(16), 1363-1371.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.1997.03550160083043] [PMID:  9343469]

[11]
Woods, R.T.; Clare, L. Cognition-based therapies and mild cognitive impairment. Mild Cognitive Impairment; Psychology Press, 2013, pp. 244-263.

[12]
Choi, J.; Twamley, E.W. Cognitive rehabilitation therapies for Alzheimer’s disease: A review of methods to improve treatment engagement and self-efficacy. Neuropsychol. Rev.,  2013, 23(1), 48-62.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11065-013-9227-4] [PMID:  23400790]

[13]
Soldan, A.; Pettigrew, C.; Cai, Q. Cognitive reserve and long-term change in cognition in aging and preclinical Alzheimer’s disease. Neurobiol. Aging,  2017, 60, 164-172.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2017.09.002] [PMID:  28968586]

[14]
Woods, B. Cognitive stimulation to improve cognitive functioning in people with dementia. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev.,  2023, 15(2), CD005562.

[15]
Shaffner, J. Neuroplasticity and clinical practice: Building brain power for health. Front. Psychol.,  2016, 7, 1118.

[16]
Saharan, R.; Kaur, J.; Dhankhar, S. Hydrogel-based drug delivery system in diabetes management. Pharm. Nanotechnol.,  2024, 12(4), 289-299.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/0122117385266276230928064235] [PMID:  37818559]

[17]
Sampedro-Piquero, P.; Begega, A. Environmental enrichment as a positive behavioral intervention across the lifespan. Curr. Neuropharmacol.,  2017, 15(4), 459-470.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1570159X14666160325115909] [PMID:  27012955]

[18]
Clare, L.; Bayer, A.; Burns, A. Goal-oriented cognitive rehabilitation in early-stage dementia: study protocol for a multi-centre single-blind randomised controlled trial (GREAT). Trials,  2013, 14(1), 152.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1745-6215-14-152] [PMID:  23710796]

[19]
Heiss, W-D.; Kessler, J.; Mielke, R.; Szelies, B.; Herholz, K. Long-term effects of phosphatidylserine, pyritinol, and cognitive training in Alzheimer’s disease. A neuropsychological, EEG, and PET investigation. Dementia,  1994, 5(2), 88-98.
 [PMID:  8038871]

[20]
Clare, L.; Linden, D.E.J.; Woods, R.T. Goal-oriented cognitive rehabilitation for people with early-stage Alzheimer disease: A single-blind randomized controlled trial of clinical efficacy. Am. J. Geriatr. Psychiatry,  2010, 18(10), 928-939.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/JGP.0b013e3181d5792a] [PMID:  20808145]

[21]
Butler, P.D.; Zemon, V.; Schechter, I. Early-stage visual processing and cortical amplification deficits in schizophrenia. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry,  2005, 62(5), 495-504.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/archpsyc.62.5.495] [PMID:  15867102]

[22]
Clare, L.; Woods, R.T. Cognitive training and cognitive rehabilitation for people with early-stage Alzheimer’s disease: A review. Neuropsychol. Rehabil.,  2004, 14(4), 385-401.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09602010443000074]

[23]
Wilson, B.A. Towards a comprehensive model of cognitive rehabilitation. Neuropsychol. Rehabil.,  2002, 12(2), 97-110.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09602010244000020]

[24]
Loewenstein, D.A.; Acevedo, A.; Czaja, S.J.; Duara, R. Cognitive rehabilitation of mildly impaired Alzheimer disease patients on cholinesterase inhibitors. Am. J. Geriatr. Psychiatry,  2004, 12(4), 395-402.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00019442-200407000-00007] [PMID:  15249277]

[25]
Sitzer, D.I.; Twamley, E.W.; Jeste, D.V. Cognitive training in Alzheimer’s disease: A meta‐analysis of the literature. Acta Psychiatr. Scand.,  2006, 114(2), 75-90.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0447.2006.00789.x] [PMID:  16836595]

[26]
Lalit, K. Phyto-pharmacological review of Coccinia indica. World J. Pharm. Pharm. Sci.,  2014, 3(2), 1734-1745.

[27]
Buschert, V.; Bokde, A.L.W.; Hampel, H. Cognitive intervention in Alzheimer disease. Nat. Rev. Neurol.,  2010, 6(9), 508-517.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrneurol.2010.113] [PMID:  20717104]

[28]
Valenzuela, M.; Sachdev, P. Can cognitive exercise prevent the onset of dementia? Systematic review of randomized clinical trials with longitudinal follow-up. Am. J. Geriatr. Psychiatry,  2009, 17(3), 179-187.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/JGP.0b013e3181953b57] [PMID:  19225276]

[29]
Cotelli, M.; Calabria, M.; Zanetti, O. Cognitive rehabilitation in Alzheimer’s disease. Aging Clin. Exp. Res.,  2006, 18(2), 141-143.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF03327429] [PMID:  16702783]

[30]
Spector, A.; Orrell, M.; Woods, B. Cognitive Stimulation Therapy (CST): Effects on different areas of cognitive function for people with dementia. Int. J. Geriatr. Psychiatry,  2010, 25(12), 1253-1258.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/gps.2464] [PMID:  20069533]

[31]
Tárraga, L.; Boada, M.; Modinos, G. A randomised pilot study to assess the efficacy of an interactive, multimedia tool of cognitive stimulation in Alzheimer’s disease. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry,  2006, 77(10), 1116-1121.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/jnnp.2005.086074] [PMID:  16820420]

[32]
Rao, G.; Sivakumar, P.; Srivastava, S.; Sidana, R. Cognitive therapy and family intervention for patients with dementia and psychosis. Indian J. Psychiatry,  2020, 62(8), 183.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/psychiatry.IndianJPsychiatry_769_19] [PMID:  32055061]

[33]
Talassi, E.; Guerreschi, M.; Feriani, M.; Fedi, V.; Bianchetti, A.; Trabucchi, M. Effectiveness of a cognitive rehabilitation program in mild dementia (MD) and mild cognitive impairment (MCI): A case control study. Arch. Gerontol. Geriatr.,  2007, 44(S1), 391-399.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.archger.2007.01.055] [PMID:  17317481]

[34]
Cipriani, G.; Bianchetti, A.; Trabucchi, M. Outcomes of a computer-based cognitive rehabilitation program on Alzheimer’s disease patients compared with those on patients affected by mild cognitive impairment. Arch. Gerontol. Geriatr.,  2006, 43(3), 327-335.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.archger.2005.12.003] [PMID:  16451811]

[35]
Moore, S.; Sandman, C.A.; McGrady, K.; Patrick Kesslak, J. Memory training improves cognitive ability in patients with dementia. Neuropsychol. Rehabil.,  2001, 11(3-4), 245-261.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09602010042000222]

[36]
Bamford, C.; Lamont, S.; Eccles, M.; Robinson, L.; May, C.; Bond, J. Disclosing a diagnosis of dementia: A systematic review. Int. J. Geriatr. Psychiatry,  2004, 19(2), 151-169.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/gps.1050] [PMID:  14758581]

[37]
Iliffe, S. Primary care and dementia: 1. diagnosis, screening and disclosure. Int. J. Geriatr. Psychiatry,  2009, 24(9), 895-901.

[38]
Santacruz, K.S.; Swagerty, D., Jr Early diagnosis of dementia. Am. Fam. Physician,  2001, 63(4), 703-713, 717-718.
 [PMID:  11237085]

[39]
Cotrell, V.; Schulz, R. The perspective of the patient with Alzheimer’s disease: A neglected dimension of dementia research. Gerontologist,  1993, 33(2), 205-211.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geront/33.2.205] [PMID:  8468013]

[40]
Aalten, P.; Van Valen, E.; Clare, L.; Kenny, G.; Verhey, F. Awareness in dementia: A review of clinical correlates. Aging Ment. Health,  2005, 9(5), 414-422.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13607860500143075] [PMID:  16024400]

[41]
Vogel, A.; Stokholm, J.; Gade, A.; Andersen, B.B.; Hejl, A.M.; Waldemar, G. Awareness of deficits in mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer’s disease: Do MCI patients have impaired insight? Dement. Geriatr. Cogn. Disord.,  2004, 17(3), 181-187.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000076354] [PMID:  14739542]

[42]
Rosa, E.; Lussignoli, G.; Sabbatini, F. Needs of caregivers of the patients with dementia. Arch. Gerontol. Geriatr.,  2010, 51(1), 54-58.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.archger.2009.07.008] [PMID:  19853313]

[43]
Brodaty, H.; Gresham, M. Effect of a training programme to reduce stress in carers of patients with dementia. BMJ,  1989, 299(6712), 1375-1379.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.299.6712.1375] [PMID:  2513967]

[44]
Woods, B.; Pratt, R. Awareness in dementia: Ethical and legal issues in relation to people with dementia. Aging Ment. Health,  2005, 9(5), 423-429.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13607860500143125] [PMID:  16024401]

[45]
Kapp, M.B. Legal issues in dementia. Int. J. Risk Saf. Med.,  2008, 20(1-2), 91-103.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/JRS-2008-0429]

[46]
Ganesh, S. Care arrangements for persons with dementia: A review on formal care and its relevance to Indian context. J. Geriatr. Care Res.,  2016, 3(2), 27-34.

[47]
Chang, C.C.; Roberts, B.L. Feeding difficulty in older adults with dementia. J. Clin. Nurs.,  2008, 17(17), 2266-2274.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2702.2007.02275.x] [PMID:  18705703]

[48]
Vernooij-Dassen, M.; Vasse, E.; Zuidema, S.; Cohen-Mansfield, J.; Moyle, W. Psychosocial interventions for dementia patients in long-term care. Int. Psychogeriatr.,  2010, 22(7), 1121-1128.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S1041610210001365] [PMID:  20813074]

[49]
Shaji, K.S.; Sivakumar, P.T.; Rao, G.P.; Paul, N. Clinical practice guidelines for management of dementia. Indian J. Psychiatry,  2018, 60(7), 312.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/0019-5545.224472] [PMID:  29535467]

[50]
Kasl-Godley, J.; Gatz, M. Psychosocial interventions for individuals with dementia. Clin. Psychol. Rev.,  2000, 20(6), 755-782.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0272-7358(99)00062-8] [PMID:  10983267]

[51]
Swan, K.; Hopper, M.; Wenke, R.; Jackson, C.; Till, T.; Conway, E. Speech-language pathologist interventions for communication in moderate–severe dementia: A systematic review. Am. J. Speech Lang. Pathol.,  2018, 27(2), 836-852.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/2017_AJSLP-17-0043] [PMID:  29554196]

[52]
Boccardi, M.; Frisoni, G.B. Cognitive rehabilitation for severe dementia: Critical observations for better use of existing knowledge. Mech. Ageing Dev.,  2006, 127(2), 166-172.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mad.2005.09.027] [PMID:  16280151]

[53]
Gaitán, A.; Garolera, M.; Cerulla, N.; Chico, G.; Rodriguez-Querol, M.; Canela-Soler, J. Efficacy of an adjunctive computer-based cognitive training program in amnestic mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer’s disease: A single-blind, randomized clinical trial. Int. J. Geriatr. Psychiatry,  2013, 28(1), 91-99.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/gps.3794] [PMID:  22473855]

[54]
González-Palau, F.; Franco, M.; Bamidis, P. The effects of a computer-based cognitive and physical training program in a healthy and mildly cognitive impaired aging sample. Aging Ment. Health,  2014, 18(7), 838-846.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13607863.2014.899972] [PMID:  24697325]

[55]
Vanova, M.; Irazoki, E.; García-Casal, J.A. The effectiveness of ICT-based neurocognitive and psychosocial rehabilitation programmes in people with mild dementia and mild cognitive impairment using GRADIOR and ehcoBUTLER: Study protocol for a randomised controlled trial. Trials,  2018, 19(1), 100.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s13063-017-2371-z] [PMID:  29433545]

[56]
Mendoza Laiz, N.; Del Valle Díaz, S.; Rioja Collado, N.; Gomez-Pilar, J.; Hornero, R. Potential benefits of a cognitive training program in mild cognitive impairment (MCI). Restor. Neurol. Neurosci.,  2018, 36(2), 207-213.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/RNN-170754] [PMID:  29526855]

[57]
Hwang, J.H.; Cha, H.G.; Cho, Y.S.; Kim, T.S.; Cho, H.S. The effects of computer-assisted cognitive rehabilitation on Alzheimer’s dementia patients memories. J. Phys. Ther. Sci.,  2015, 27(9), 2921-2923.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1589/jpts.27.2921] [PMID:  26504325]

[58]
Diamond, K.; Mowszowski, L.; Cockayne, N. Randomized controlled trial of a healthy brain ageing cognitive training program: Effects on memory, mood, and sleep. J. Alzheimers Dis.,  2015, 44(4), 1181-1191.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/JAD-142061] [PMID:  25408218]

[59]
Giuli, C.; Papa, R.; Lattanzio, F.; Postacchini, D. The effects of cognitive training for elderly: Results from my mind project. Rejuvenation Res.,  2016, 19(6), 485-494.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/rej.2015.1791] [PMID:  26952713]

[60]
Kurz, A.; Thöne-Otto, A.; Cramer, B. CORDIAL: cognitive rehabilitation and cognitive-behavioral treatment for early dementia in Alzheimer disease: A multicenter, randomized, controlled trial. Alzheimer Dis. Assoc. Disord.,  2012, 26(3), 246-253.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/WAD.0b013e318231e46e] [PMID:  21986341]

[61]
Orrell, M.; Aguirre, E.; Spector, A. Maintenance cognitive stimulation therapy for dementia: Single-blind, multicentre, pragmatic randomised controlled trial. Br. J. Psychiatry,  2014, 204(6), 454-461.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.bp.113.137414] [PMID:  24676963]

[62]
Orrell, M.; Yates, L.; Leung, P. The impact of individual Cognitive Stimulation Therapy (iCST) on cognition, quality of life, caregiver health, and family relationships in dementia: A randomised controlled trial. PLoS Med.,  2017, 14(3), e1002269.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1002269] [PMID:  28350796]

[63]
Venturelli, M.; Sollima, A.; Cè, E. Effectiveness of exercise-and cognitive-based treatments on salivary cortisol levels and sundowning syndrome symptoms in patients with Alzheimer’s disease. J. Alzheimers Dis.,  2016, 53(4), 1631-1640.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/JAD-160392] [PMID:  27540967]

[64]
Amieva, H.; Robert, P.H.; Grandoulier, A.S. Group and individual cognitive therapies in Alzheimer’s disease: The ETNA3 randomized trial. Int. Psychogeriatr.,  2016, 28(5), 707-717.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S1041610215001830] [PMID:  26572551]

[65]
Buschert, V.C.; Giegling, I.; Teipel, S.J. Long-term observation of a multicomponent cognitive intervention in mild cognitive impairment. J. Clin. Psychiatry,  2012, 73(12), e1492-e1498.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.4088/JCP.11m07270] [PMID:  23290333]

[66]
Coen, R.F.; Flynn, B.; Rigney, E. Efficacy of a cognitive stimulation therapy programme for people with dementia. Ir. J. Psychol. Med.,  2011, 28(3), 145-147.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0790966700012131] [PMID:  30200025]

[67]
Fernández-Calvo, B.; Contador, I.; Ramos, F.; Olazarán, J.; Mograbi, D.C.; Morris, R.G. Effect of unawareness on rehabilitation outcome in a randomised controlled trial of multicomponent intervention for patients with mild Alzheimer’s disease. Neuropsychol. Rehabil.,  2015, 25(3), 448-477.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09602011.2014.948461] [PMID:  25121567]

[68]
Huntley, J.D.; Hampshire, A.; Bor, D.; Owen, A.; Howard, R.J. Adaptive working memory strategy training in early Alzheimer’s disease: Randomised controlled trial. Br. J. Psychiatry,  2017, 210(1), 61-66.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.bp.116.182048] [PMID:  27758836]

[69]
Law, L.L.F.; Barnett, F.; Yau, M.K.; Gray, M.A. Effects of functional tasks exercise on older adults with cognitive impairment at risk of Alzheimer’s disease: A randomised controlled trial. Age Ageing,  2014, 43(6), 813-820.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ageing/afu055] [PMID:  24850540]

[70]
Cavallo, M.; Hunter, E.M.; van der Hiele, K.; Angilletta, C. Computerized structured cognitive training in patients affected by early-stage Alzheimer’s disease is feasible and effective: A randomized controlled study. Arch. Clin. Neuropsychol.,  2016, 31(8), 868-876.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/arclin/acw072] [PMID:  27600448]

[71]
Barban, F.; Annicchiarico, R.; Pantelopoulos, S. Protecting cognition from aging and Alzheimer’s disease: A computerized cognitive training combined with reminiscence therapy. Int. J. Geriatr. Psychiatry,  2016, 31(4), 340-348.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/gps.4328] [PMID:  26205305]

[72]
Danassi, E. SOCIABLE: A surface computing platform empowering effective cognitive training for healthy and cognitively impaired elderly. Adv. Exp. Med. Biol.,  2015, 821, 129-130.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-08939-3_18]

[73]
Zaccarelli, C. Computer-based cognitive intervention for dementia Sociable: Motivating platform for elderly networking, mental reinforcement and social interaction. 2013 7th International Conference on Pervasive Computing Technologies for Healthcare and Workshops.  05-08 May 2013 Venice, Italy., 2013.
 [http://dx.doi.org/10.4108/icst.pervasivehealth.2013.252155]
Rights & Permissions Print Cite
Article Metrics
3
1
Journal Information
For Authors
For Editors
For Reviewers
Explore Articles
Open Access
Open Access Articles
For Visitors
DOI https://dx.doi.org/10.2174/0126660822275618231129073551	Print ISSN 2666-0822
Publisher Name Bentham Science Publisher	Online ISSN 2666-0830
Current Psychiatry Research and Reviews

Cognitive Rehabilitation For Early-Stage Dementia: A Review

Abstract

Graphical Abstract

Current Psychiatry Research and Reviews

Cognitive Rehabilitation For Early-Stage Dementia: A Review

Abstract

Graphical Abstract

Related Journals

Related Books

Related Articles
