Login Register Cart 0
Generic placeholder image

Current Chinese Science

Editor-in-Chief

ISSN (Print): 2210-2981
ISSN (Online): 2210-2914

Back
Journal Home About Journal Editorial Board Current Issue Volumes/Issues
Subscribe
Mini-Review Article Section: Biochemistry

A Mini-review on the Chemical Composition, Extraction and Isolation Techniques, and Pharmacological Activity of Rosmarinus officinalis L.

Author(s): Xiao Lin, Luo Haimeng, Ji Xiaoyun, Ren Yaoyao, Wu Xianqing and Jiang Hezhong*

Volume 4, Issue 2, 2024

Published on: 01 December, 2023

Page: [85 - 94] Pages: 10

DOI: 10.2174/0122102981258712231114073051

Price: $65

Open Access Journals Promotions 2
Abstract

Rosmarinus officinalis L. belongs to the genus Rosemary in the family Labiatae, which is a perennial evergreen subshrub. It is currently cultivated in certain areas of Yunnan, Guangxi, and Guizhou. At present, in food, cosmetics, healthcare products, and other domains, R. officinalis has a wide range of applications; it has received widespread attention, and is also a hot topic of research today. Using modern spectroscopic techniques, it has been found that the main chemical components of rosemary can be divided into two major groups, including volatile components (essential oils) and non-volatile components (diterpenes, triterpenes, flavonoids, phenolic acids, sterols, etc.). Among them, carnosic acid, carnosol, rosemary phenol, and 1,8-cineole are the main components acting as antioxidants and they are highly regarded. The main methods for extracting the active ingredients of R. officinalis include water distillation, ultrasonic-assisted microwave method, supercritical CO2 extraction method, enzyme-assisted extraction method, and microwaveassisted extraction method. Modern research has shown that rosemary has anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antibacterial, antiviral, antitumor, hepatoprotective, hypolipidemic, immunomodulatory, antiseptic, and antithrombotic effects, and is widely used in medical applications.

Keywords: Rosmarinus officinalis L., essential oils, pharmacological effects, extraction, separation, chemical composition.

« Previous
Graphical Abstract

[1]
Mendonça-Filho, R. R. Bioactive phytocompounds: New approaches in the phytosciences. Mod. Phytomed.: Turning Med. Plants into Drugs, 2006, 2006, 1-24.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9783527609987]
[2]
Swain, T. Plants in the development of modern medicine; Harvard University Press, 1972.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.4159/harvard.9780674865266]
[3]
Zhang, Y.; Hu, Z.J. Nursery and planting technology of Chinese herb Rosemary. Prim. Agr. Tech. Ext., 2023, 11(05), 120-122.
[4]
Al-Sereiti, M.; Abu-Amer, K.; Sena, P. Pharmacology of rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis Linn.) and its therapeutic potentials. Indian J. Exp. Biol., 1999, 37(2), 124-130.
[5]
Nolkemper, S.; Reichling, J.; Stintzing, F.; Carle, R.; Schnitzler, P. Antiviral effect of aqueous extracts from species of the Lamiaceae family against Herpes simplex virus type 1 and type 2 in vitro. Planta Med., 2006, 72(15), 1378-1382.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-2006-951719] [PMID: 17091431]
[6]
Angelini, L.G.; Carpanese, G.; Cioni, P.L.; Morelli, I.; Macchia, M.; Flamini, G. Essential oils from mediterranean Lamiaceae as weed germination inhibitors. J. Agric. Food Chem., 2003, 51(21), 6158-6164.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jf0210728]
[7]
Okamura, N.; Haraguchi, H.; Hashimoto, K.; Yagi, A. Flavonoids in Rosmarinus officinalis leaves. Phytochemistry, 1994, 37(5), 1463-1466.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(00)90434-5] [PMID: 7765765]
[8]
Chan, M.M.Y.; Ho, C.T.; Huang, H.I. Effects of three dietary phytochemicals from tea, rosemary and turmeric on inflammation-induced nitrite production. Cancer Lett., 1995, 96(1), 23-29.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0304-3835(95)03913-H] [PMID: 7553604]
[9]
Rababah, T.M.; Hettiarachchy, N.S.; Horax, R. Total phenolics and antioxidant activities of fenugreek, green tea, black tea, grape seed, ginger, rosemary, gotu kola, and ginkgo extracts, vitamin E, and tert-butylhydroquinone. J. Agric. Food Chem., 2004, 52(16), 5183-5186.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jf049645z] [PMID: 15291494]
[10]
Minnunni, M.; Wolleb, U.; Mueller, O.; Pfeifer, A.; Aeschbacher, H.U. Natural antioxidants as inhibitors of oxygen species induced mutagenicity. Mutat. Res., 1992, 269(2), 193-200.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0027-5107(92)90200-L] [PMID: 1383702]
[11]
Offord, E.A.; Macé, K.; Ruffieux, C.; Malnoë, A.; Pfeifer, A.M.A. Rosemary components inhibit benzo[ a]pyrene-induced genotoxicity in human bronchial cells. Carcinogenesis, 1995, 16(9), 2057-2062.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/carcin/16.9.2057] [PMID: 7554054]
[12]
Kong, R.Y.; Li, Y.X.; Zhou, Y.Y. Determination of mineral element content of rosemary. Guangzhou Huagong, 2022, 50(23), 117-119.
[13]
Ghorbanpour, M.; Shahhoseini, R. Influence of distillation time on the content and constituent of essential oils isolated from lemon verbena (Lippia citriodora Kunth). J. Essent. Oil-Bear. Plants, 2017, 20(4), 1083-1089.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0972060X.2017.1345648]
[14]
Cole, R.; Bi, L.W.; Zhao, Z.D. Research progress of rosemary in Europe. Biomass Chem. Eng., 2006, 41-44.
[15]
Zhu, X.J.; Zhou, X.Y.; Fan, H.; Gao, X.F.; Yang, L. Comparative analysis of volatile terpenoids in nine aromatic plants of labiaceae. Bull. Bot. Res., 2020, 40(05), 696-705.
[16]
Hou, J.F. Analysis on the effect of extract and essential oil of fragrant plant Rosemary., PhD Thesis, The Shanghai university of technology, 2022.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.27801/d.cnki.gshyy.2022.000158]
[17]
Li, Y.H.; Chen, Y.F.; Yang, L.; Zhang, Y. Research progress on development and application of natural spice sage. Chin. Condiment, 2017, 42(07), 174-176.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1000-9973.2017.07.038]
[18]
Liu, X.; Wang, J.N.; Chen, W.X.; Chen, R.H.; Zhang, G.F. Antibacterial activity of limonene against Pseudomonas aeruginosa and its mechanism. Sci. Technol. Food Ind., 2018, 39(07), 1-5.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2018.07.001]
[19]
Tang, R.H.; Yang, L.P.; Zhang, H.X.; Zhu, J.L.; Pu, C.X. Morphological characteristics and difference of volatile oil of Perilla orientalis cultivated in wild and homogeneous gardens. Lishizhen Med. Mater. Med. Res., 2021, 32(09), 2266-2271.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1008-0805.2021.09.61]
[20]
Xie, Z.Y.; Lu, P.Y.; Ning, A.Q.; Liu, X.Y.; Wang, J.L.; Zhang, J.; Liang, J.Y. Contact activity of volatile oil and its main components from two Subchrysanthemum plants against potato rot stem nematode. Chinese J. Bio. Contr., 2022, 38(03), 549-554.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.16409/j.cnki.2095-039x.2021.07.012]
[21]
Wang, Y. Study on extraction process and activity of rosemary essential oil and antioxidant., Anhui Agricultural University: Hefei, June 2012.
[22]
Wu, M.; Xu, X.J. Recent research progress on chemical composition and pharmacological effects of rosemary. Biomass Chem. Eng., 2016, 50(03), 51-57.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1673-5854.2016.03.009]
[23]
Roy, Li. Study on differentiation and apoptosis of leukemia cells induced by carnosic acid and garlic oil and reversal of drug resistance by carnosic acid., PhD thesis, Shandong University, May, 2005.
[24]
Su, P.; Wang, G.N.; Wu, D.; Sheng, X.F. Research progress on the physiological activity and sources of rosmarinic acid. Food Fermn. Ind, 2008, 34(12), 135-138.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.13995/j.cnki.11-1802/ts.2008.12.043]
[25]
Zhang, Y.; Smuts, J.P.; Dodbiba, E.; Rangarajan, R.; Lang, J.C.; Armstrong, D.W. Degradation study of carnosic acid, carnosol, rosmarinic acid, and rosemary extract (Rosmarinus officinalis L.) assessed using HPLC. J. Agric. Food Chem., 2012, 60(36), 9305-9314.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jf302179c] [PMID: 22881034]
[26]
Gonçalves, G.A.; Corrêa, R.C.G.; Barros, L.; Dias, M.I.; Calhelha, R.C.; Correa, V.G.; Bracht, A.; Peralta, R.M.; Ferreira, I.C.F.R. Effects of in vitro gastrointestinal digestion and colonic fermentation on a rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis L.) extract rich in rosmarinic acid. Food Chem., 2019, 271, 393-400.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2018.07.132] [PMID: 30236693]
[27]
Lin, P.F.; Jia, X.Z.; Qi, Y.; Liao, S.L. Progress of research on phenolic acid compounds. Guangdong Chem. Ind., 2017, 44(01), 50-52.
[28]
Xia, D.Z.; Zhang, Y.; Lu, G.Y. Research progress of flavonoids in the prevention and treatment of hyperuricemia and gout. Chung Kuo Yao Hsueh Tsa Chih, 2009, 44(10), 721-723.
[29]
Jia, J.; Zang, E.; Lv, L.; Li, Q.; Zhang, C.; Xia, Y.; Zhang, L.; Dang, L.; Li, M. Flavonoids in myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury: Therapeutic effects and mechanisms. Chin. Herb. Med., 2021, 13(1), 49-63.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chmed.2020.09.002] [PMID: 36117755]
[30]
Tiwalade, A.A.; Li, X.X.; Qu, L.; Li, Q.; Chen, Y.; Wang, T.; Zhang, W. Studies on the chemical composition of rosemary from Rwanda I. J. Trop. Subtrop. Plan., 2015, 23(3), 310-316.
[31]
Zhao, T.M. Research progress of plant essential oil extraction technology. Guangzhou Chem. Ind.,, 2016, 44(13), 16-17+44.
[32]
Wu, S.Y.; Tang, X.; Deng, Y.E.; Jiang, S.P.; Liu, X.; Chen, H.J.; He, Y.B.; Fang, K.; Jin, C.Z. Research progress on extraction methods and activity of essential oil from Rosemary. Guangdong Chem. Ind., 2021, 48(23), 93-95.
[33]
Wan, W.X.; Zeng, L.; Ye, Z.W.; Wang, S.N.; Chen, Q. Study on the changes of essential oil and antioxidant contents of Rosemary at different growth stages. J. Xinyang Agri. Fore. Univ., 2022, 32(02), 98-102.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.16593/j.cnki.41-1433/s.2022.02.018]
[34]
Zhang, L.Y.; Fan, H.R.; Chen, B.; Shen, F.; Liu, X.M.; Feng, L.; Su, X.M. Optimization of essential oil extraction process of rosemary. Lishizhen Med. Mater. Med. Res., 2012, 23(12), 3061-3062.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1008-0805.2012.12.051]
[35]
Wang, Z.F.; Wang, Q. Application of supercritical fluid extraction technology in extraction of traditional Chinese medicine. Sci. Tech. Inn., 2018, 13-15.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.15913/j.cnki.kjycx.2018.14.013]
[36]
Liu, Y.F.; Guo, H.H. Application of supercritical fluid extraction in the extraction and separation of terpenoids. J. of Liaoning Univ., 2022, 49(04), 333-342.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.16197/j.cnki.lnunse.2022.04.003]
[37]
Ahmed, Z.; Abdeslam-Hassan, M.; Ouassila, L.; Danielle, B. Extraction and modeling of Algerian rosemary essential oil using supercritical CO2: effect of pressure and temperature. Energy Procedia, 2012, 18, 1038-1046.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.egypro.2012.05.118]
[38]
Li, N.W.; Ma, L.J.; Jin, H.Z. Study on the extraction of volatile constituents from rosemary by supercritical CO2 Fluid extraction. Food Res. Dev., 2014, 35(14), 47-49.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1005-6521.2014.14.014]
[39]
Li, D.W. Study on ultrasonic-assisted extraction and separation of active constituents from Rosemary leaves; Chinese Academy of Forestry, 2012.
[40]
Tigrinekordjani, N.; Meklati, B.; Chemat, F. Microwave ‘dry’ distillation as an useful tool for extraction of edible essential oils. Int. J. Aromather., 2006, 16(3-4), 141-147.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijat.2006.09.007]
[41]
Yu, G.M.; Liu, K.S.; Qin, D.W.; Zhou, Y.Y. Effects of enzyme-assisted extraction on oil yield of essential oil from Rosemary. J. Shandong Ins. Light Ind., 2012, 26(04), 58-60.
[42]
Guo, R.; Liang, D.L. Study on enzymatic assisted extraction of main active components from Rosemary. Guangdong Sci. Tech., 2014, 23(14), 227-238.
[43]
Zhang, L.L. Enzymatic assisted extraction of essential oil from Rosemary and its anti-inflammatory effect; Tianjin University of Science and Technology: Tianjin, 2010.
[44]
Nitthiyah, J.; Nour, A.H.; Kantasamy, R.; Akindoyo, J.O. Microwave assisted hydrodistillation–an overview of mechanism and heating properties. Aust. J. Basic Appl. Sci., 2017, 11(3), 22-29.
[45]
Wang, Y.L.; Zhao, W.X.; Wei, J.J.; Ye, F. Extraction of rosemary essential oil by microwave-assisted hydrodistillation. J. Ningxia Nor. Univ, 2019, 40(07), 43-48.
[46]
Fan, L. Study on the extraction of essential oil from rosemary by microwave. Tech. Wind., 2020, 10, 158.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.19392/j.cnki.1671-7341.202010141]
[47]
Makino, T.; Ono, T.; Liu, N.; Nakamura, T.; Muso, E.; Honda, G. Suppressive effects of rosmarinic acid on mesangioproliferative glomerulonephritis in rats. Nephron J., 2002, 92(4), 898-904.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000065457] [PMID: 12399637]
[48]
Minich, D.M.; Bland, J.S.; Katke, J.; Darland, G.; Hall, A.; Lerman, R.H.; Lamb, J.; Carroll, B.; Tripp, M. Clinical safety and efficacy of NG440: A novel combination of rho iso-alpha acids from hops, rosemary, and oleanolic acid for inflammatory conditionsThis article is one of a selection of papers published in this special issue (part 1 of 2) on the Safety and Efficacy of Natural Health Products. Can. J. Physiol. Pharmacol., 2007, 85(9), 872-883.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/Y07-055] [PMID: 18066133]
[49]
Ding, Z.Q.; Xu, M.; Wu, H.; Nowshin, R.; Wei, M.Y.; Wang, K.Y.; Xiao, J.S. Inhibitory effects of four rosemary compounds on oxidative stress and inflammation induced by lipopolysaccharide in RAW264.7 cells. J. Food Sci., 2022, 43(23), 125-133.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.7506/spkx1002-6630-20211229-325]
[50]
Liu, S.N.; Yu, M.M.; Guo, X.L.; Pan, J.J.; Xiang, Q.S. Inhibition effect of rosemary extract against oxidation of protein, lipid and DNA induced by free radicals. Food Res. Dev., 2020, 41(14), 22-27.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.12161/j.issn.1005-6521.2020.14.004]
[51]
Xiao, L.P.; Chen, J.W.; Kong, J.S.; Fang, X.P.; Gao, Q.Y.; Li, H.Y.; Yao, L. Study on scavenging free radical and antioxidant effects of nonessential oil in Rosmarinus officinalis L. leaves. Xibei Nong-Lin Keji Daxue Xuebao. Ziran Kexue Ban, 2010, 38(01), 53-59.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.13207/j.cnki.jnwafu.2010.01.034]
[52]
Liu, S.N.; Yu, M.M.; Pan, J.J.; Shen, R.L.; Li, H.; Xiang, Q.S. Changes in total phenols and antioxidant activity of rosemary extract during simulated gastrointestinal digestion. Sci. Tech. Food Ind., 2019, 40(17), 294-298.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2019.17.048]
[53]
Ellis, B.E.; Towers, G.H.N. Biogenesis of rosmarinic acid in Mentha. Biochem. J., 1970, 118(2), 291-297.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bj1180291] [PMID: 5484678]
[54]
Yin, Y.; Zhang, W.G.; Zhou, G.H.; Xu, X.L. Physiological functions of rosemary and its application in food. Sci. Tech. Food Ind., 2014, 35(22), 364-370.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2014.22.072]
[55]
Guo, D.Y.; Wan, N.; Wu, Y.; Lin, R.H.; Tang, X.; Cao, L.; Wu, Z.F.; Yang, M. Study on chemical compositions, antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of essential oil from R. officinalis in Jiangxi. Nat. Prod. Res. Dev., 2022, 34(02), 263-271.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.16333/j.1001-6880.2022.2.012]
[56]
Sun, C.H.; Ding, J.F.; Wang, J.; Li, X.F. Study on antibacterial activity and stability of Rosemary extract. Chin. Condiment, 2020, 45(11), 42-45.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1000-9973.2020.11.009]
[57]
Cheng, C.; Sha, Z.; Chen, X.; Shi, L.Y. Rosmarinic acid enhances the antimicrobial immunity of macrophages by up-regulating mitochondrial autophagy mediated by PINK1/Parkin. Zhonghua Zhongyiyao Zazhi, 2022, 47(23), 6450-6456.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.19540/j.cnki.cjcmm.20220726.401] [PMID: 36604891]
[58]
Vázquez, N.M.; Fiorilli, G.; Cáceres Guido, P.A.; Moreno, S. Carnosic acid acts synergistically with gentamicin in killing methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus clinical isolates. Phytomedicine, 2016, 23(12), 1337-1343.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.phymed.2016.07.010] [PMID: 27765353]
[59]
Liu, Q.; Cao, S.; Zhang, H.; Shen, H.; Zhang, Y.H. Effects of essential oil of Rosemary on mice infected with Staphylococcus aureus. J. Beijing Univ. Agri., 2019, 34(02), 71-76.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.13473/j.cnki.issn.1002-3186.2019.0217]
[60]
Gu, X.; Hao, D.; Xiao, P. Research progress of Chinese herbal medicine compounds and their bioactivities: Fruitful 2020. Chin. Herb. Med., 2022, 14(2), 171-186.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chmed.2022.03.004] [PMID: 36117669]
[61]
Tan, Y.; Li, X.J.; Liu, B.H.; Liu, W.J.; Wu, X.Y.; Zhang, L.C.; Yuan, J.H. Cisplatin combined with rosmarinic acid inhibits proliferation and apoptosis of Huh7 cells. J. Mod. Oncol., 2023, 31(10), 1821-1825.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1672-4992.2023.10.009]
[62]
Liu, Q.D.; Bai, T.Y.; Wang, Y.F.; Yao, Y. Effects of rosmarinic acid combined with quercetin on proliferation and migration of human hepatocellular carcinoma HepG2 cells. J. Anhui Univ. Chin. Med., 2020, 24(09), 1705-1707.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1009-6469.2020.09.003]
[63]
Wu, Q.; Wang, X.; Pham, K.; Luna, A.; Studzinski, G.P.; Liu, C. Enhancement of sorafenib-mediated death of Hepatocellular carcinoma cells by Carnosic acid and Vitamin D2 analog combination. J. Steroid Biochem. Mol. Biol., 2020, 197(C), 105524.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jsbmb.2019.105524] [PMID: 31704246]
[64]
Zhou, Y.; Wang, S.; Hua, Y.H.; Zhao, W.H. Rosmarinic acid regulates PD-1/B7-H1(PD-L1) signaling pathway in non-small cell lung cancer cells. Chin. J. Inf. Tradit. Chin. Med.,, 2020, 38(06), 147-151+272..
[http://dx.doi.org/10.13193/j.issn.1673-7717.2020.06.035]
[65]
Highland, H.; Thakur, M.; George, L.B. Controlling non small cell lung cancer progression by blocking focal adhesion kinase-c-Src active site with Rosmarinus officinalis L. phytocomponents: An in silico and in vitro study. J. Cancer Res. Ther., 2022, 18(6), 1674-1682.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/jcrt.JCRT_1064_20] [PMID: 36412429]
[66]
Liu, W.; Wu, T.C.; Hong, D.M.; Hu, Y.; Fan, T.; Guo, W.J.; Xu, Q. Carnosic acid enhances the anti-lung cancer effect of cisplatin by inhibiting myeloid-derived suppressor cells. Chin. J. Nat. Med., 2018, 16(12), 907-915.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1875-5364(18)30132-8] [PMID: 30595215]
[67]
Cao, S.W.; Yu, Y.Y.; Wen, H.L.; Singletary, K.W. Study on the antibreast cancer activity of Rosemary extract. Chin. J. Anim. Nutr.,, 2001, 225-229.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.13325/j.cnki.acta.nutr.sin.2001.03.007]
[68]
D’Alesio, C.; Bellese, G.; Gagliani, M.C.; Aiello, C.; Grasselli, E.; Marcocci, G.; Bisio, A.; Tavella, S.; Daniele, T.; Cortese, K.; Castagnola, P. Cooperative antitumor activities of carnosic acid and Trastuzumab in ERBB2+ breast cancer cells. J. Exp. Clin. Cancer Res., 2017, 36(1), 154.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s13046-017-0615-0] [PMID: 29100552]
[69]
González-Vallinas, M.; Molina, S.; Vicente, G.; de la Cueva, A.; Vargas, T.; Santoyo, S.; García-Risco, M.R.; Fornari, T.; Reglero, G.; Ramírez de Molina, A. Antitumor effect of 5-fluorouracil is enhanced by rosemary extract in both drug sensitive and resistant colon cancer cells. Pharmacol. Res., 2013, 72, 61-68.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.phrs.2013.03.010] [PMID: 23557932]
[70]
Zheng, X.Q.; Dong, J.F.; Rui, H.B. Rosmarin induces autophagy and apoptosis of Jurkat cells in acute T-cell leukemia by regulating PI3K pathway. Chin. J. Immunol., 2018, 34(12), 1771-1775.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1000-484X.2018.12.003]
[71]
Moon, D.O.; Kim, M.O.; Lee, J.D.; Choi, Y.H.; Kim, G.Y. Rosmarinic acid sensitizes cell death through suppression of TNF-α-induced NF-κB activation and ROS generation in human leukemia U937 cells. Cancer Lett., 2010, 288(2), 183-191.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.canlet.2009.06.033] [PMID: 19619938]
[72]
Wang, R.; Cong, W.; Guo, G.; Li, X.; Chen, X.; Yu, X.; Li, H. Synergism between carnosic acid and arsenic trioxide on induction of acute myeloid leukemia cell apoptosis is associated with modulation of PTEN/Akt signaling pathway. Chin. J. Integr. Med., 2012, 18(12), 934-941.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11655-012-1297-z] [PMID: 23239002]
[73]
Saiko, P.; Steinmann, M.T.; Schuster, H.; Graser, G.; Bressler, S.; Giessrigl, B.; Lackner, A.; Grusch, M.; Krupitza, G.; Bago-Horvath, Z.; Jaeger, W.; Fritzer-Szekeres, M.; Szekeres, T. Epigallocatechin gallate, ellagic acid, and rosmarinic acid perturb dNTP pools and inhibit de novo DNA synthesis and proliferation of human HL-60 promyelocytic leukemia cells: Synergism with arabinofuranosylcytosine. Phytomedicine, 2015, 22(1), 213-222.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.phymed.2014.11.017] [PMID: 25636891]
[74]
Takeda, H.; Tsuji, M.; Matsumiya, T.; Kubo, M. Identification of rosmarinic acid as a novel antidepressive substance in the leaves of Perilla frutescens Britton var. acuta Kudo (Perillae Herba). Nihon Shinkei Seishin Yakurigaku Zasshi, 2002, 22(1), 15-22.
[PMID: 11917505]
[75]
Zhang, T.; Wang, D.; Gao, X.P.; Li, G.W. Effect of rosemary compound essential oil on depression and anxiety after stroke. Chin. J. Phys. Med. Rehabil., 2014, 36(2), 127-129.
[76]
Sedighi, R.; Zhao, Y.; Yerke, A.; Sang, S. Preventive and protective properties of rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis L.) in obesity and diabetes mellitus of metabolic disorders: A brief review. Curr. Opin. Food Sci., 2015, 2, 58-70.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cofs.2015.02.002]
[77]
Li, Y. Research on the development and application of natural spice rosemary and its extracts research progress. Chin. Condiment, 2017, 42(12), 178-180.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1000-9973.2017.12.039]
[78]
Huang, H.M.; Guo, Z.J.; Lu, R.M.; Meng, L. Extraction of volatile oil from rosemary optimization of the extraction process and analysis of its chemical composition. Hubei Agri. Sci., 2012, 51(11), 2321-2324.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.14088/j.cnki.issn0439-8114.2012.11.010]
[79]
Zhao, X.M.; Li, N.; Du, C.X.; Zhang, S.J.; Li, W.; Wang, Q. Effects of Tianwang Buxindan combined with Rosemary essential oil on memory function of Alzheimer’s disease model mice. Zhonghua Zhongyiyao Zazhi, 2018, 33(04), 611-615.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.16368/j.issn.1674-8999.2018.04.147]

Rights & Permissions Print Cite
Article Metrics
9
1
Wayfinder Image
Open Access Journals Promotions
© 2024 Bentham Science Publishers | Privacy Policy