Title:Pharmacological Classes of Conus Peptides Targeted to Calcium, Sodium,
and Potassium Channels
Volume: 30
Issue: 11
Author(s): Elsie C. Jimenez*
Affiliation:
- Department of Physical Sciences, College of Science, University of the Philippines Baguio, Baguio City 2600, Philippines
Keywords:
Conotoxin, conopeptide, Conus peptide pharmacological classes, N-type calcium channel, Cav2.2, sodium channels Nav1.1-Nav1.9, Shaker potassium channel, Kv1-Kv12 potassium channels, conopeptide-based therapeutic agent, neuropathic pain therapy.
Abstract: This review describes the specific features of families of Conus venom peptides (conotoxins
or conopeptides) that represent twelve pharmacological classes. Members of these conopeptide
families are targeted to voltage-gated ion channels, such as calcium, sodium, and potassium
channels. The conopeptides covered in this work include omega-conotoxins and contryphans with
calcium channels as targets; mu-conotoxins, muO-conotoxins, muP-conotoxins, delta-conotoxins
and iota-conotoxin with sodium channels as targets; and kappa-conotoxins, kappaM-conotoxins,
kappaO-conotoxin, conkunitzins, and conorfamide with potassium channels as targets. The review
covers the peptides that have been characterized over the last two decades with respect to their
physiological targets and/or potential pharmacological applications, or those that have been discovered
earlier but with noteworthy features elucidated in more recent studies. Some of these peptides
have the potential to be developed as therapies for nerve, muscle, and heart conditions associated
with dysfunctions in voltage-gated ion channels. The gating process of an ion channel subtype in
neurons triggers various biological activities, including regulation of gene expression, contraction,
neurotransmitter secretion, and transmission of electrical impulses. Studies on conopeptides and
their interactions with calcium, sodium, and potassium channels provide evidence for Conus peptides
as neuroscience research probes and therapeutic leads.