Title:Amlodipine Ocular Delivery Restores Ferning Patterns and Reduces
Intensity of Glycosylated Peak of Carrageenan-Induced Tear Fluid: An
In-Silico Flexible Docking with IL-β1
Volume: 21
Issue: 10
Author(s): Ashirbad Nanda, Rudra Narayan Sahoo*, Mahendra Gour, Sandeep Kumar Swain, Debajyoti Das, Amit Kumar Nayak*Subrata Mallick*
Affiliation:
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Siksha ‘O’ Anusandhan
(Deemed to be University), Bhubaneswar, Odisha 751003, India
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Siksha ‘O’ Anusandhan
(Deemed to be University), Bhubaneswar, Odisha 751003, India
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Siksha ‘O’ Anusandhan
(Deemed to be University), Bhubaneswar, Odisha 751003, India
Keywords:
Amlodipine, interleukin-1β, induced-fit flexible docking, tear ferning, hyphenated techniques, conjunctivitis.
Abstract:
Background: The tear ferning test can be an easy clinical procedure for the evaluation and
characterization of the ocular tear film.
Objective: The objective of this study was to examine the restoration of tear ferning patterns and
reduction of glycosylation peak after amlodipine application in carrageenan-induced conjunctivitis.
Methods: At the rabbit’s upper palpebral region, carrageenan was injected for cytokine-mediated
conjunctivitis. Ferning pattern and glycosylation of the tear fluid were characterized using various
instrumental analyses. The effect of amlodipine was also examined after ocular instillation and flexible
docking studies.
Results: Optical microscopy showed a disrupted ferning of the tear collected from the inflamed eye.
FTIR of the induced tear fluid exhibited peaks within 1000-1200 cm-1, which might be due to the
protein glycosylation absent in the normal tear spectrogram. The glycosylation peak reduced
significantly in the tear sample collected from the amlodipine-treated group. Corresponding energy
dispersive analysis showed the presence of sulphur, indicating protein leakage from the lacrimal
gland in the induced group. The disappearance of sulphur from the treated group indicated its
remedial effect. The flexible docking studies revealed a stronger binding mode of amlodipine with
Interleukin-1β (IL-1β). The reduction in the intensity of the glycosylated peak and the restoration
offering are probably due to suppression of IL-1β.
Conclusion: This study may be helpful in obtaining primary information for drug discovery to be
effective against IL-1β and proving tear fluid as a novel diagnostic biomarker.
