Title:Dimeric Calix[4]arenes, Synthesis and their Application: A Review
Volume: 27
Issue: 18
Author(s): Reza Zadmard*, Sara Khosravani and Mohammad Reza Jalali
Affiliation:
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Research Center of Iran, P.O. Box 14335-186, Tehran,
Iran
Keywords:
Calix[n]arene, dimeric calix[n]arene, supramolecular chemistry, metal-organic framework (MOF), cavity, biomolecules.
Abstract: Calix[n]arene is an attractive host for molecular recognition due to its accessibility
through the hollow cavity and shallow bowl shape and has been used as a receptor over
the last 30 years. Calix[n]arene has a small cavity, so designing a flexible molecule to recognize
nano to large biomolecules is a challenging goal in host-guest chemistry. Dimeric
calix[n]arene is formed by linking two calix[n]arene sub-units to each other. Their considerable
structural features and relative diversity of modifying the upper or lower rim represent
outstanding and greatly adaptive structures for designing bulky and complex building
blocks adequate for self-assembly and molecular recognition. Their ability to form supramolecular
structures for a wide range of applications, including the recognition of nanomolecules
and large biological molecules, has been extensively studied. This review details
the progress of the host-guest chemistry of dimeric calix[n]arenes, emphasizing the synthetic pathways employed
for their production and their self-assembly properties. Dimerization of calix[n]arene occurs in two
ways (1-through non-covalent bonding such as H-bonding or self-assembly, and 2-through covalent bond formation
such as amide bond formation, multi-component reactions and Sonogashira cross-coupling reaction
and metathesis reactions). In this work, we focused on dimerization through covalent bond formation, due to
having more applications and diverse synthetic applications.